The Elements
Name Sym Atomic Number Group Crystal Structure Atomic Weight Shells Orbitals Valence Melting Point Boiling Point Electro-Negativity Covalent Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Atomic Volume First Ionization Potential Second Ionization Potential Third Ioniz
ation Potential Oxydation States Density @ 293 K Specific Heat Heat of Vaporization Heat of Fusion Electrical Conductivity Thermal Conductivity Modulus of Elasticity Coeficient of Thermal Expansion Lattice parm Lattice parm Lattice parm Pronounced Name Or
igin Description Discovered By Year Location Sources. Uses
Hydrogen H 1 Non-Metal Hexagonal 1.00794 1 1s1 1 -255.34°C -252.87°C 2.2 0.32 Å 1.54 (+1) Å 0.79 Å 14.4 cm³/mol 13.5984 V -- -- ±1 0.00008988 g/cm³ 14.304 J/gK 0.44936 kJ/mol 0.05868 kJ/mol -- 0.001815 W/cmK -- -- -- HI-dreh-jen Greek: hydro (water) and
genes (generate) "Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas. The most abundant element in the universe. Tenth most abundant element in the earth's crust." Henry Cavendish 1766 England Commercial quantities are produced by reacting superheated steam with methane
or carbon. In lab work from reaction of metals with acid solutions or electrolysis. Most hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia. Also used in balloons and in metal refining. Also used as fuel in rockets. Its two heavier isotopes are: deuterium (D)
and tritium (T) used respectively for nuclear fission and fusion.
Helium He 2 Noble Gas Hexagonal 4.002602 2 1s2 0 -272.2°C @ 26 atmos. -268.934°C 0 0.93 Å -- 0.49 Å 19.5 cm³/mol 24.5874 V 54.416 V -- 0 0.0001787 g/cm³ 5.193 J/gK 0.0845 kJ/mol -- -- 0.00152 W/cmK -- -- -- HEE-li-em Greek: hêlios (sun). "Light, odorles
s, colorless, tasteless inert gas. Second most abundant element in the universe. Sixth most abundant in the earth's atmosphere." "Sir William Ramsey, Nils Langet, P.T.Cleve" 1895 Scotland/Sweden Found in natural gas deposits & in the air (5 parts per bill
ion) Constantly lost to space; replenished by radioactive decay (alpha particles). "Used in balloons, deep sea diving & welding. Also used in very low temperature research."
Lithium Li 3 Alkali Metal Cubic: Body centered 6.941 "2,1" [He] 2s1 1 180.54°C 1342°C 0.98 1.23 Å .76 (+1) Å 2.05 Å 13.10 cm³/mol 5.3917 V 76.638 V 122.451 V 1 0.53 g/cm³ 3.6 J/gK 145.920 kJ/mol 3.00 kJ/mol 0.108 10^6/cm ohm 0.847 W/cmK 10 10³ MPa 46 10^
-6 K^-1 3.5101 Å LITH-i-em Greek: lithos (stone). Soft silvery-white metal. Lightest of metals. Accounts for only 0.0007% of the earth's crust. Johann Arfwedson 1817 Sweden Obtained by passing electric charge through melted lithium chloride and from the
silicate mineral called spodumene [LiAl(Si2O6)]. Used in batteries. Also for certain kinds of glass and ceramics. Some is used in lubricants.
Beryllium Be 4 Alkali Earth Metal Hexagonal 9.012182 "2,2" [He] 2s2 2 1287°C 2472°C 1.57 0.90 Å .45 (+2) Å 1.40 Å 05.0 cm³/mol 9.3226 V 18.211 V 153.893 V 2 1.848 g/cm³ 1.82 J/gK 292.40 kJ/mol 12.20 kJ/mol 0.313 10^6/cm ohm 2.00 W/cmK 301 10³ MPa 11.3 10
^-6 K^-1 2.286 Å 3.584 Å beh-RIL-i-em "Greek: beryllos, ""beryl"" (a mineral)." "Hard, brittle, steel-gray metal. Lightest rigid metal. Formerly called glucinium (Gl) for its sweet but deadly taste." "Fredrich Wöhler, A.A.Bussy" 1798 Germany/France Found
mostly in minerals like beryl [AlBe3(Si6O18)] and chrysoberyl (Al2BeO4). Pure beryllium is obtained by chemically reducing beryl mineral. Also by electrolysis of beryllium chloride. "Its ability to absorb large amounts of heat makes it useful in spacecra
ft, missiles, aircraft, etc. Emeralds are beryl crystals with chromium traces giving them their green color."
Boron B 5 Non-Metal Rhombohedral 10.811 "2,3" [He] 2s2 2p1 3 2079°C 4000°C 2.04 0.82 Å .23 (+3) Å 1.17 Å 04.6 cm³/mol 8.2980 V 25.154 V 37.93 V 3 2.34 g/cm³ 1.02 J/gK 489.70 kJ/mol 50.20 kJ/mol 1.0e-12 10^6/cm ohm 0.270 W/cmK 441 10³ MPa 4.7 10^-6 K^-1 8
.80 Å 5.05 Å BO-ron From Arabic and Persian words for borax. "Hard, brittle, lustrous black semimetal. Exists in the earth's crust at an average proportion of about 10 parts per million." "Sir H. Davy, J.L. Gay-Lussac, L.J. Thénard" 1808 England/France "
Obtained from kernite, a kind of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O). High purity boron is produced by electrolysis of molten potassium fluroborate and potassium chloride (KCl)." Used with titanium & tungsten to make heat resistant alloys for jets & rockets.
Carbon C 6 Non-Metal Hexagonal 12.011 "2,4" [He] 2s2 2p2 "2,3,4" 3825°C (Sublimes) 4827°C 2.55 0.77 Å .16 (+4) Å 0.91 Å 04.58 cm³/mol 11.2603 V 24.383 V 47.887 V " (±4),2" 2.62 g/cm³ 0.71 J/gK 355.80 kJ/mol -- 0.00061 10^6/cm ohm 1.29 W/cmK 7 10³ MPa 1.0
10^-6 K^-1 2.4619 Å 6.7080 Å KAR-ben "Latin: carbo, (charcoal)." Allotropic forms include diamonds and graphite. Sixth most abundant element in the universe. Known to the ancients Unknown Unknown Made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxyge
n. "For making steel, in filters, and many more uses. Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old objects."
Nitrogen N 7 Non-Metal Hexagonal 14.00674 "2,5" [He] 2s2 2p3 "3,5" -209.86°C -195.8°C 3.04 0.75 Å 1.71 (-3) Å 0.75 Å 17.3 cm³/mol 14.5341 V 29.601 V 47.448 V " (±3),5,4,±2,±1" 0.0012506 g/cm³ 1.04 J/gK 2.7928 kJ/mol 0.3604 kJ/mol -- 0.0002598 W/cmK -- 24
0 10^-6 K^-1 -- NYE-treh-gen "Greek: nitron and genes, (soda forming)." "Colorless, odorless, tasteless, generally inert gas. Fifth most abundant element in the universe. Makes up about 78% of earth's atmosphere." Daniel Rutherford 1772 Scotland Obtaine
d from liquid air by fractional distillation. "Primarily to produce ammonia and other fertilizers. Also used in making nitric acid, which is used in explosives. Also used in welding and enhanced oil recovery."
Oxygen O 8 Non-Metal Cubic 15.9994 "2,6" [He] 2s2 2p4 2 -218.4°C -182.962°C 3.44 0.73 Å 1.40 (-2) Å 0.65 Å 14.0 cm³/mol 13.6181 V 35.117 V 54.934 V -2 0.001429 g/cm³ 0.92 J/gK 3.4099 kJ/mol 0.22259 kJ/mol -- 0.0002674 W/cmK -- 780 10^-6 K^-1 -- OK-si-j
en "Greek: oxys and genes, (acid former)." "Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; pale blue liquid. Third most abundant element in the universe. It is the most abundant element in the earth's crust, and makes up almost 21% of the atmosphere." "Joseph Priest
ly, Carl Wilhelm Scheele" 1774 England/Sweden Obtained primarily from liquid air by fractional distillation. Small amounts are made in the laboratory by electrolysis of water or heating potassium chlorate (KClO3) with manganese dioxide (MnO2) catalyst. "U
sed in steel making, welding, and supporting life. Naturally occuring ozone (O3) in the upper atmosphere shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation."
Fluorine F 9 Halogen Cubic 18.9984032 "2,7" [He] 2s2 2p5 1 -219.62°C -188.14°C 3.98 0.72 Å 1.33 (-1) Å 0.57 Å 12.6 cm³/mol 17.4228 V 34.97 V 62.707 V -1 0.001696 g/cm³ 0.82 J/gK 3.2698 kJ/mol 0.2552 kJ/mol -- 0.000279 W/cmK -- 1800 10^-6 K^-1 -- FLU-eh
-reen Latin: fluere (flow). "Greenish-yellow, pungent, corrosive gas. Extremely reactive. Does not occur uncombined in nature." Henri Moissan 1886 France Found in the minerals fluorite (CaF2) and cryolite(Na3AlF6). Electrolysis of hydrofluoric acid (HF) o
r potassium acid fluoride (KHF2) is the only practical method of commercial production. Used in refrigerants and other fluorocarbons. Also in toothpaste as sodium fluoride (NaF) and stannous fluoride (SnF2); also in Teflon.
Neon Ne 10 Noble Gas Cubic: Face centered 20.1797 "2,8" [He] 2s2 2p6 0 -248.67°C -246.048°C 0 0.71 Å -- 0.51 Å 17.3 cm³/mol 21.5645 V 40.962 V 63.45 V 0 0.0008999 g/cm³ 0.904 J/gK 1.7326 kJ/mol 0.3317 kJ/mol -- 0.000493 W/cmK -- 1900 10^-6 K^-1 -- NEE-
on Greek: neos (new). "Colorless, odorless, tasteless inert gas. Fourth most abundant element in the universe and fifth most abundant in the earth's atmosphere (18.18 ppm)." "Sir William Ramsey, M.W. Travers" 1898 England Obtained from production of liqui
d air as a byproduct of producing liquid oxygen and nitrogen. Primarily for lighting.
Sodium Na 11 Alkali Metal Cubic: Body centered 22.989768 "2,8,1" [Ne] 3s1 1 97.81°C 882.9°C 0.93 1.54 Å 1.02 (+1) Å 2.23 Å 23.7 cm³/mol 5.1391 V 47.286 V 71.641 V 1 0.971 g/cm³ 1.23 J/gK 96.960 kJ/mol 2.598 kJ/mol 0.210 10^6/cm ohm 1.41 W/cmK 5 10³ MPa 7
1 10^-6 K^-1 4.2908 Å SO-di-em "Medieval Latin: sodanum, (headache remedy); symbol from Latin natrium, (sodium carbonate)." Soft silvery-white metal. Sixth most abundant element in the earth's crust. Burns in air with a brilliant white flame. Sir Humphr
ey Davy 1807 England "Obtained by electrolysis of melted sodium chloride (salt), borax and cryolite." "There are few uses for the pure metal, however its compounds are used in medicine, agriculture and photography. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is table salt. Li
quid sodium is sometimes used to cool nuclear reactors."
Magnesium Mg 12 Alkali Earth Metal Hexagonal 24.305 "2,8,2" [Ne] 3s2 2 648.8°C 1090°C 1.31 1.36 Å .72 (+2) Å 1.72 Å 13.97 cm³/mol 7.6462 V 15.035 V 80.143 V 2 1.738 g/cm³ 1.02 J/gK 127.40 kJ/mol 8.954 kJ/mol 0.226 10^6/cm ohm 1.56 W/cmK 44.4 10³ MPa 24.8
10^-6 K^-1 3.2095 Å 5.2107 Å mag-NEE-zih-em "From Magnesia ancient city in district of Thessaly, Greece." "Lightweight, malleable, silvery-white metal. Eighth most abundant element in the universe. Seventh most abundant element in the earth's crust." Si
r Humphrey Davy 1808 England Usually obtained by electrolysis of melted magnesium chloride (MgCl2) found in sea water. Each cubic mile of seawater contains about 12 billion pounds of magnesium. "Used in alloys to make airplanes, missiles and other uses fo
r light metals. Has structural properties similar to aluminium. But since it is flammable at temperatures of burning gasoline, its uses are limited."
Aluminum Al 13 Metal Cubic: Face centered 26.981539 "2,8,3" [Ne] 3s2 3p1 3 660.37°C 2519°C 1.5 1.18 Å .54 (+3) Å 1.82 Å 10.0 cm³/mol 5.9858 V 18.828 V 28.447 V 3 2.702 g/cm³ 0.90 J/gK 293.40 kJ/mol 10.790 kJ/mol 0.377 10^6/cm ohm 2.37 W/cmK 70.5 10³ MPa
23.1 10^-6 K^-1 4.0497 Å ah-LOO-men-em "Latin: alumen, aluminis, (alum)." "Soft, lightweight, silvery-white metal. Third most abundant element in the earth's crust." Hans Christian Oersted 1825 Denmark Never occurs in free form. Obtained by electrolysis
from bauxite (Al2O3). "Used for many purposes from airplanes to beverage cans. Too soft in its pure form so less than 1% of silicon or iron is added, which hardens and strengthens it."
Silicon Si 14 Non-Metal Cubic: Face centered 28.0855 "2,8,4" [Ne] 3s2 3p2 4 1410°C 3265°C 1.8 1.11 Å .26 (+4) Å 1.46 Å 12.1 cm³/mol 8.1517 V 16.345 V 33.492 V "2,(4),-4" 2.33 g/cm³ 0.71 J/gK 384.220 kJ/mol 50.550 kJ/mol 2.52e-12 10^6/cm ohm 1.48 W/cmK 16
2 10³ MPa 2.6 10^-6 K^-1 5.4309 Å SIL-i-ken "Latin: silex, silicus, (flint)." Amorphous form is brown power; crystalline form has gray metallic appearance. Seventh most abundant element in the universe. Second most plentiful element in the earths crust.
Jöns Berzelius 1824 Sweden "Makes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2), and sand. Commercial production depends on a reaction between sand (SiO2) and carbon at a temperature of around 2200 °C." Used in glass as silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon
carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest substances known and used in polishing. Also the crystalline form is used in semiconductors.
Phosphorus P 15 Non-Metal Monoclinic 30.973762 "2,8,5" [Ne] 3s2 3p3 "3,5" 44.1°C 277°C 2.19 1.06 Å .17 (+5) Å 1.23 Å 17.0 cm³/mol 10.4867 V 19.725 V 30.18 V "±3,(5),7" 1.82 g/cm³ 0.77 J/gK 12.129 kJ/mol 0.657 kJ/mol 1.0e-17 10^6/cm ohm 0.00235 W/cmK 5 10
³ MPa 127 10^-6 K^-1 3.3137 Å 10.478 Å 4.3765 Å FOS-fer-es "Greek: phosphoros, (bringer of light)." "Soft white waxy phosphorescent solid, brownish-red powder or black solid." Hennig Brand 1669 Germany "Found most often in phosphate rock. Pure phosphorus
is obtained by heating a mixture of phosphate rock, coke, and silica to about 1450 °C." "Used in the production of fertilizers and detergents. Some is used in fireworks, safety matches, and incendiary weapons. Also some applications for it and some of its
compounds which glow in the dark."
Sulfur S 16 Non-Metal Orthorhombic 32.066 "2,8,6" [Ne] 3s2 3p4 "2,4,6" 115.21°C 444.6°C 2.58 1.02 Å .29 (+6) Å 1.09 Å 15.5 cm³/mol 10.3600 V 23.33 V 34.83 V "±2,4,(6)" 2.07 g/cm³ 0.71 J/gK -- 1.7175 kJ/mol 0.5e-23 10^6/cm ohm 0.00269 W/cmK 19 10³ MPa 70
10^-6 K^-1 10.4650 Å 12.8665 Å 24.4869 Å SUL-fer Latin: sulphur (brimstone). "Tasteless, odorless, pale yellow, brittle solid. Tenth most abundant element in the universe." Known to the ancients. Unknown Unknown "Found in pure form and in ores like cinnab
ar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Pure form is obtained from undergound deposits by the Frasch process." "Used in matches, gunpowder, medicines, rubber and pesticides, dyes and insecticides. Also for making sulfuric acid (H2SO4)."
Chlorine Cl 17 Halogen Orthorhombic 35.4527 "2,8,7" [Ne] 3s2 3p5 "1,3,5,7" -100.98°C -34.6°C 3.16 0.99 Å 1.81 (-1) Å 0.97 Å 16.9 cm³/mol 12.9676 V 23.81 V 39.611 V " (±1),3,5,7" 0.003214 g/cm³ 0.48 J/gK 10.20 kJ/mol 3.203 kJ/mol -- 0.000089 W/cmK -- -- -
- KLOR-een Greek: chlôros (greenish yellow). "Greenish-yellow, disagreeable gas. Never found in free form in nature." Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1774 Sweden "Salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) is its most common compound. Commercial quantities are produced by elect
rolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (seawater or brine from salt mines)." "Used in water purification, bleaches, acids and many, many other compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)."
Argon Ar 18 Noble Gas Cubic: Face centered 39.948 "2,8,8" [Ne] 3s2 3p6 0 -189.2°C -185.7°C 0 0.98 Å -- 0.88 Å 23.9 cm³/mol 15.7596 V 27.629 V 40.74 V 0 0.0017824 g/cm³ 0.520 J/gK 6.447 kJ/mol 1.188 kJ/mol -- 0.0001772 W/cmK 3 10³ MPa 618 10^-6 K^-1 --
AR-gon Greek: argos (inactive). "Colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas. It is the third most abundant element in the earth's atmosphere and makes up about 1%." "Sir William Ramsey, Baron Rayleigh" 1894 Scotland Continuously released into the air by dec
ay of radioactive potassium-40. Pure form is obtained from fractional distillation of liquid air. Used in lighting products. It is often used in filling incandescent light bulbs. Some is mixed with krypton in fluorescent lamps. Crystals in the semiconduct
or industry are grown in argon atmospheres.
Potassium K 19 Alkali Metal Cubic: Body centered 39.0983 "2,8,8,1" [Ar] 4s1 1 63.25°C 759.9°C 0.82 2.03 Å 1.51 (+1) Å 2.77 Å 45.46 cm³/mol 4.3407 V 31.625 V 45.72 V 1 0.862 g/cm³ 0.75 J/gK 79.870 kJ/mol 2.334 kJ/mol 0.139 10^6/cm ohm 1.024 W/cmK 2.4 10³
MPa 82 10^-6 K^-1 5.247 Å pe-TASS-i-em "English: pot ash; symbol from Latin: kalium, (alkali)." "Soft, waxy, silver-white metal. Eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust (20,900 ppm). Occurs only in compounds." Sir Humphrey Davy 1807 England "F
ound in minerals like carnallite [(KMgCl3).6H2O] & sylvite (potassium chloride, KCL). Pure metal is produced by the reaction of hot potassium chloride and sodium vapors in a special retort." "Used as potash in making glass & soap. Also as saltpeter, potas
sium nitrate (KNO3) to make explosives and to color fireworks in mauve. Formerly called kalium (K). Vital to function of nerve and muscle tissures."
Calcium Ca 20 Alkali Earth Metal Cubic: Face centered 40.078 "2,8,8,2" [Ar] 4s2 2 839°C 1484°C 1 1.74 Å 1.00 (+2) Å 2.23 Å 25.9 cm³/mol 6.1132 V 11.871 V 50.908 V 2 1.55 g/cm³ 0.63 J/gK 153.60 kJ/mol 8.540 kJ/mol 0.298 10^6/cm ohm 2.00 W/cmK 21 10³ MPa 2
2.3 10^-6 K^-1 5.5886 Å KAL-si-em "Latin: calx, calcis (lime)." "Fairly hard, silvery-white metal. Fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust (41,500 ppm). Occurs only in compounds." Sir Humphrey Davy 1808 England "Obtained from minerals like chal
k, limestone & marble. Pure metal is produced by replacing the calcium in lime (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) with aluminium in hot, low pressure retorts." "Used by many forms of life to make shells and bones. Virtually no use for the pure metal, however two
of its compounds are, lime (CaO) and gypsum (CaSO4), are in great demand by a number of industries."
Scandium Sc 21 Transition Metal Hexagonal 44.95591 "2,8,9,2" [Ar] 3d1 4s2 3 1541°C 2830°C 1.36 1.44 Å .75 (+3) Å 2.09 Å 15.0 cm³/mol 6.5614 V 12.80 V 24.76 V 3 3.0 g/cm³ 0.6 J/gK 314.20 kJ/mol 14.10 kJ/mol 0.0177 10^6/cm ohm 0.158 W/cmK 80 10³ MPa 10.0 1
0^-6 K^-1 3.3091 Å 5.2735 Å SKAN-di-em "Latin: Scandia, Scandinavia." "Fairly soft, silvery-white metal. Eighth most abundant 'rare earth' found in the earth's crust (5.0 ppm)." Lars Nilson 1879 Sweden Occurs mainly in the minerals thortveitile (~34% sca
ndium) and wiikite. Also in some tin and tungsten ores. Pure scandium is obtained as a by-product of uranium refining. Scandium metal is used in some aerospace applications. Scandum oxide (Sc2O3) is used in the manufacture of high-intensity electric lamps
. Scandium iodide (ScI3) is used in lamps that produce light having a color closely matching natural sunlight.
Titanium Ti 22 Transition Metal Hexagonal 47.88 "2,8,10,2" [Ar] 3d2 4s2 "2,3,4" 1668°C ±10°C 3287°C 1.54 1.32 Å .61 (+4) Å 2.00 Å 10.64 cm³/mol 6.8282 V 13.58 V 27.491 V " (4),3,2" 4.50 g/cm³ 0.52 J/gK 421.00 kJ/mol 15.450 kJ/mol 0.0234 10^6/cm ohm 0.219
W/cmK 110 10³ MPa 8.6 10^-6 K^-1 29512 Å 4.6845 Å tie-TAY-ni-em Greek: titanos (Titans). "Shiny, dark-gray metal. Ninth most abundant element in the earth's crust (5700 ppm). It can be highly polished, and is relatively immune to tarnishing." William Gr
egor 1791 England "Usually occurs in the minerals ilmenite (FeTiO3) or rutile (TiO2). Also in Titaniferous magnetite, titanite (CaTiSiO5), and iron ores. Pure metal produced by heating TiO2 with C and Cl2 to produce TiCl4 then heated with Mg gas in Ar at
mosphere." "Since it is strong and resists acids it is used in many alloys. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment that covers surfaces very well, is used in paint, rubber, paper and many others."
Vanadium V 23 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 50.9415 "2,8,11,2" [Ar] 3d3 4s2 "2,3,4,5" 1890°C ±10°C 3407°C 1.63 1.22 Å .54 (+5) Å 1.92 Å 08.78 cm³/mol 6.7463 V 14.65 V 29.31 V " (5),4,3,2" 5.8 g/cm³ 0.49 J/gK 0.452 kJ/mol 20.90 kJ/mol 0.0489 10^6/
cm ohm 0.307 W/cmK 129 10³ MPa 8.4 10^-6 K^-1 3.0232 Å veh-NAY-di-em "From Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis." "Soft, ductile, silvery-white metal. Resistant to corrosion by moisture, air and most acids and alkalis at room temperature." Nils Sefström 1830 S
weden "Found in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl], and carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Pure metal produced by heating with C and Cl to produce VCl3 which is heated with Mg in Ar atmosphere." "It is mixed with other metals to make ve
ry strong and durable alloys. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst, dye and color-fixer."
Chromium Cr 24 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 51.9961 "2,8,13,1" [Ar] 3d5 4s1 "2,3,6" 1857°C 2672°C 1.66 1.18 Å .62 (+3) Å 1.85 Å 07.23 cm³/mol 6.7666 V 16.50 V 30.96 V "6,(3),2" 7.19 g/cm³ 0.45 J/gK 344.30 kJ/mol 16.90 kJ/mol 0.0774 10^6/cm ohm 0
.937 W/cmK 259 10³ MPa 4.9 10^-6 K^-1 2.8847 Å KROH-mi-em Greek: chrôma (color). "Very hard, crystalline, steel-gray metal. The pure metal has a blue-white color. It is hard, brittle and corrsion-resistant at normal temperatures." Louis Vauquelin 1797 F
rance "Chromite [Fe,Mg(CrO4)] is its most important mineral. Produced commercially by heating its ore in the presence of silicon or aluminium." Used to make stainless steel. It gives the color to rubies and emeralds. Iron-nickel-chromium alloys in various
percentages yield an incredible variety of the most important metals in modern technology.
Manganese Mn 25 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 54.93805 "2,8,13,2" [Ar] 3d5 4s2 "1,2,3,4,6,7" 1244°C 2061°C 1.55 1.17 Å .67 (+2) Å 1.79 Å 07.39 cm³/mol 7.4340 V 15.64 V 33.667 V "7,6,4,(2),3" 7.43 g/cm³ 0.48 J/gK 226.0 kJ/mol 12.050 kJ/mol 0.00695
10^6/cm ohm 0.0782 W/cmK 198 10³ MPa 21.7 10^-6 K^-1 8.9142 Å MAN-ge-nees Latin: magnes (magnet); Italian: manganese. "Hard, brittle, gray-white metal with a pinkish tinge. Rusts like iron in moist air." Johann Gahn 1774 Sweden "Most abundant ores are
pyrolusite (MnO2), psilomelane [(Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10] and rhodochrosite (MnCO3). Pure metal produced by mixing MnO2 with powered Al and ignited in a furnace." "Used in steel, batteries and ceramics. The steel in railroad tracks can contain as much as 1.2% mang
anese. It is crucial to the effectiveness of vitamin B1."
Iron Fe 26 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 55.847 "2,8,14,2" [Ar] 3d6 4s2 "2,3,4,6" 1535°C 2861°C 1.83 1.17 Å .55 (+3) Å 1.72 Å 07.1 cm³/mol 7.9024 V 16.18 V 30.651 V "2,(3)" 7.86 g/cm³ 0.44 J/gK 349.60 kJ/mol 13.80 kJ/mol 0.0993 10^6/cm ohm 0.802
W/cmK 211 10³ MPa 11.8 10^-6 K^-1 2.8665 Å EYE-ern Anglo-Saxon: iron; symbol from Latin: ferrum (iron). "Malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal. Fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust (56,300 ppm). Ninth most abundant element in the universe
." Known to the ancients. Unknown Unknown "Obtained from iron ores. Pure metal produced in blast furnaces by layering limestone, coke and iron ore and forcing hot gasses into the bottom. This heats the coke red hot and the iron is reduced from its oxides
and liquified where it flows to the bottom" Used in steel and other alloys. Essential for humans. It is the chief constituent of hemoglobin which carries oxygen in blood vessels. Its oxides are used in magnetic tapes and disks.
Cobalt Co 27 Transition Metal Hexagonal 58.9332 "2,8,15,2" [Ar] 3d7 4s2 "2,3" 1495°C 2927°C 1.88 1.16 Å .65 (+2) Å 1.67 Å 06.7 cm³/mol 7.8810 V 17.06 V 33.50 V " (2),3" 8.90 g/cm³ 0.42 J/gK 376.50 kJ/mol 16.190 kJ/mol 0.172 10^6/cm ohm 1.00 W/cmK 208 10³
MPa 13 10^-6 K^-1 2.507 Å 4.070 Å KO-bolt German: kobold (goblin). "Hard, ductile, lustrous bluish-gray metal. Exists in the earth's curst in cocentrations of about 25 ppm. It has remarkable magnetic properties." George Brandt 1739 Sweden "Occurs in com
pounds with arsenic, oxygen and sulfur as in cobaltine (CoAsS) and linneite (Co3S4). Pure cobalt is obtained as a byproduct of refining nickel, copper and iron." "Used in many hard alloys; for magnets, ceramics and special glasses. Remains hard up to 982°
C. Radioactive cobalt-60 is used in cancer therapy."
Nickel Ni 28 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 58.6934 "2,8,16,2" [Ar] 3d8 4s2 "0,1,2,3" 1453°C 2913°C 1.91 1.15 Å .69 (+2) Å 1.62 Å 06.59 cm³/mol 7.6398 V 18.168 V 35.17 V " (2),3" 8.90 g/cm³ 0.44 J/gK 370.40 kJ/mol 17.470 kJ/mol 0.143 10^6/cm ohm 0
.907 W/cmK 208 10³ MPa 13.4 10^-6 K^-1 3.5239 Å NIK-l German: kupfernickel (false copper). "Hard, malleable, silvery-white metal. Found in the earth's crust in portions averaging 70 ppm. It can be polished to a lustrous finish. Virtually no corrosion un
der normal conditions." Axel Cronstedt 1751 Sweden "Chiefly found in pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8] ore. The metal is produced by heating the ore in a blast furnace which replaces the sulfur with oxygen. The oxides are then treated with an acid that reacts with
the iron not the nickel." Used in electroplating and metal alloys because of its resistance to corrosion. Also in nickel-cadmium batteries; as a catalyst and for coins.
Copper Cu 29 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 63.546 "2,8,18,1" [Ar] 3d10 4s1 "1,2" 1083°C 2567°C 1.9 1.17 Å .73 (+2) Å 1.57 Å 07.1 cm³/mol 7.7264 V 20.292 V 36.83 V " (2),1" 8.96 g/cm³ 0.38 J/gK 300.30 kJ/mol 13.050 kJ/mol 0.596 10^6/cm ohm 4.01 W/
cmK 124 10³ MPa 16.5 10^-6 K^-1 3.6148 Å KOP-er Symbol from Latin: cuprum (island of Cyprus famed for its copper mines). "Malleable, ductile, reddish-brown metal." Known to the ancients. Unknown Unknown "Pure copper occurs rarely in nature. Usually foun
d in sulfides as in chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), coveline (CuS), chalcosine (Cu2S) or oxides like cuprite (Cu2O)." Most often used as an electrical conductor. Also used in the manufacture of water pipes. Its alloys are used in jewelry and for coins.
Zinc Zn 30 Metal Hexagonal 65.39 "2,8,18,2" [Ar] 3d10 4s2 2 419.58°C 907°C 1.65 1.25 Å .74 (+2) Å 1.53 Å 09.2 cm³/mol 9.3941 V 17.964 V 39.722 V 2 7.14 g/cm³ 0.39 J/gK 115.30 kJ/mol 7.322 kJ/mol 0.166 10^6/cm ohm 1.16 W/cmK 95 10³ MPa 30.2 10^-6 K^-1 2.6
650 Å 4.9470 Å ZINK German: zink (German for tin). "Bluish-silver, ductile metal." Known to the ancients. Unknown Germany "Found in the minerals zinc blende (sphalerite) (ZnS), calamine, franklinite, smithsonite (ZnCO3), willemite, and zincite (ZnO)." "U
sed to coat other metal (galvanizing) to protect them from rusting. Also used in alloys such as brass, bronze, nickel. Also in solder, cosmetics and pigments."
Gallium Ga 31 Metal Orthorhombic 69.723 "2,8,18,3" [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 "2,3" 29.78°C 2204°C 1.81 1.26 Å .62 (+3) Å 1.81 Å 11.8 cm³/mol 5.9993 V 20.51 V 30.71 V 3 5.907 g/cm³ 0.37 J/gK 258.70 kJ/mol 5.590 kJ/mol 0.0678 10^6/cm ohm 0.406 W/cmK 11 10³ MPa 19.
7 10^-6 K^-1 4.523 Å 7.661 Å 4.524 Å GAL-i-em Latin: Gallia (France). "Soft, blue-white metal." Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 1875 France "Found throughout the crust in minerals like bauxite, germanite and coal." Used in semiconductor production. It us
used in making LEDs (light-emitting diodes) and GaAs laser diodes.
Germanium Ge 32 Metal Cubic: Face centered 72.61 "2,8,18,4" [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 "2,4" 937.4°C 2830°C 2.01 1.22 Å .53 (+4) Å 1.52 Å 13.6 cm³/mol 7.900 V 15.934 V 34.22 V " (4),2" 5.323 g/cm³ 0.32 J/gK 330.90 kJ/mol 36.940 kJ/mol 1.45e-8 10^6/cm ohm 0.599 W/
cmK 115 10³ MPa 5.7 10^-6 K^-1 5.677 Å jer-MAY-ni-em Latin: Germania (Germany). Grayish-white metal. Clemens Winkler 1886 Germany "Obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead." "Widely used in semiconductors. It is a good semiconductor when combined wi
th tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium, and antimony."
Arsenic As 33 Non-Metal Rhombohedral 74.92159 "2,8,18,5" [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 "-3,0,3,5" 817°C @ 28 atmos. Sublimes at 613°C 2.18 1.20 Å .58 (+3) Å 1.33 Å 13.1 cm³/mol 9.8152 V 18.633 V 28.351 V " (±3),5" 5.72 g/cm³ 0.33 J/gK 34.760 kJ/mol -- 0.0345 10^6/cm
ohm 0.500 W/cmK 39 10³ MPa 15.4 10^-6 K^-1 4.1319 Å a=54° 8' AR-s'n-ik "Greek: arsenikon; Latin: arsenicum, (both names for yellow pigment)." "Steel-gray, brittle semi-metal." Known to the ancients. Unknown Unknown Found in mispickel (arsenopyrite) "Man
y of its compounds are deadly poison and used as weed killer and rat poison. Conducts electricity. Used in semiconductors. Some compounds, called arsenides, are used in the manufacture of paints, wallpapers, and ceramics."
Selenium Se 34 Non-Metal Hexagonal 78.96 "2,8,18,6" [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 "-2,4,6" 217°C 684.9°C 2.55 1.16 Å .50 (+4) Å 1.22 Å 16.45 cm³/mol 9.7524 V 21.19 V 30.82 V "-2,(4),6" 4.79 g/cm³ 0.32 J/gK 37.70 kJ/mol 6.694 kJ/mol 1.0e-12 10^6/cm ohm 0.0204 W/cmK 2
0 10³ MPa 45.0 10^-6 K^-1 4.3658 Å 4.9592 Å si-LEE-ni-em Greek: selênê (moon). Soft metalloid similar to sulfur. Ranges from gray metallic to red glassy appearance. Jöns Berzelius 1818 Sweden "Obtained from lead, copper and nickel refining. Conducts elec
tricity when struck by light." "Light causes it to conduct electricity more easily. It is used in photoelectric cells, TV cameras, xerography machines and as a semiconductor in solar batteries and rectifiers. Also colors glass red."
Bromine Br 35 Halogen Orthorhombic 79.904 "2,8,18,7" [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 "1,3,5,7" -7.2°C 58.78°C 2.96 1.14 Å 1.96 (-1) Å 1.12 Å 25.6 cm³/mol 11.8138 V 21.8 V 36.0 V " (±1),5" 3.119 g/cm³ 0.473 J/gK 15.438 kJ/mol 5.286 kJ/mol -- 0.00122 W/cmK -- -- -- BR
O-meen Greek: brômos (stench). Redish-brown liquid. Antoine J. Balard 1826 France Occurs in compounds in sea water. "It was once used in large quantities to make a compound that removed lead compound build up in engines burning leaded gasoline. Now it is
primarily used in dyes, disinfectants, and photographic chemicals."
Krypton Kr 36 Noble Gas Cubic: Face centered 83.8 "2,8,18,8" [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 0 -156.6°C -152.3°C 0 1.12 Å -- 1.03 Å 38.9 cm³/mol 13.9996 V 24.359 V 36.95 V 0 0.003708 g/cm³ 0.248 J/gK 9.029 kJ/mol 1.638 kJ/mol -- 0.0000949 W/cmK -- 425 10^-6 K^-1 --
KRIP-ton Greek: kryptos (hidden). "Colorless, odorless, tasteless rare noble gas." "Sir William Ramsey, M.W. Travers" 1898 Great Britain Forms 1 millionth of the atmosphere. Obtained from production of liquid air. Used in lighting products. Some is used a
s inert filler-gas in incandescent bulbs. Some is mixed with argon in fluorescent lamps. The most important use is in flashing stroboscopic lamps that outline airport runways.
Rubidium Rb 37 Alkali Metal Cubic: Body centered 85.4678 "2,8,18,8,1" [Kr] 5s1 "1,2,3,4" 38.89°C 686°C 0.82 2.16 Å 1.61 (+1) Å 2.98 Å 55.9 cm³/mol 4.1771 V 27.28 V 40.0 V 1 1.53 g/cm³ 0.363 J/gK 72.216 kJ/mol 2.192 kJ/mol 0.0779 10^6/cm ohm 0.582 W/cmK 2
.0 10³ MPa 91 10^-6 K^-1 5.70 Å roo-BID-i-em Latin: rubidus (deep red); the color its salts impart to flames. "Soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal." "R. Bunsen, G. Kirchoff" 1861 Germany "Occurs abundantly, but so widespread that production is li
mited. Usually obtained from lithium production." "Used as a catalyst, photocells, and vacuum and cathode-ray tubes."
Strontium Sr 38 Alkali Earth Metal Cubic: Face centered 87.62 "2,8,18,8,2" [Kr] 5s2 2 769°C 1384°C 0.95 1.91 Å 1.26 (+2) Å 2.45 Å 33.7 cm³/mol 5.6948 V 11.03 V 43.60 V 2 2.6 g/cm³ 0.30 J/gK 144.0 kJ/mol 8.30 kJ/mol 0.0762 10^6/cm ohm 0.353 W/cmK 15 10³ M
Pa 22.5 10^-6 K^-1 6.0851 Å STRON-she-em "From the Scottish town, Strontian." "Soft, malleable, silvery-yellow metal." A. Crawford 1790 Scotland Found in minerals celestite and strontianite. Used in flares and fireworks for crimson color. Strontium-90 i
s a long lived highly radioactive fallout product of atomic-bomb explosions.
Yttrium Y 39 Transition Metal Hexagonal 88.90585 "2,8,18,9,2" [Kr] 4d1 5s2 3 1522°C ±8°C 3338°C 1.22 1.62 Å 1.02 (+3) Å 2.27 Å 19.8 cm³/mol 6.217 V 12.24 V 20.52 V 3 4.47 g/cm³ 0.30 J/gK 363.0 kJ/mol 11.40 kJ/mol 0.0166 10^6/cm ohm 0.172 W/cmK 64.4 10³ M
Pa 11.3 10^-6 K^-1 3.6475 Å 5.7308 Å IT-ri-em "From the Swedish village, Ytterby, where one of its minerals was first found." "Silvery, ductile, fairly reactive metal." Johann Gadolin 1789 Finland "Found in minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and yttria
." Combined with europium to make red phosphors for color TV's. Yttrium oxide and iron oxide combine to form a crystal garnet used in radar.
Zirconium Zr 40 Transition Metal Hexagonal 91.224 "2,8,18,10,2" [Kr] 4d2 5s2 "2,3,4" 1852°C ±2°C 4377°C 1.33 1.45 Å .84 (+4) Å 2.16 Å 14.1 cm³/mol 6.6339 V 13.13 V 22.99 V 4 6.4 g/cm³ 0.27 J/gK 58.20 kJ/mol 16.90 kJ/mol 0.0236 10^6/cm ohm 0.227 W/cmK 94
10³ MPa 5.7 10^-6 K^-1 3.2313 Å 5.1479 Å zer-KO-ni-em "From the mineral, zircon." "Gray-white, lustrous, corrosion-resistant metal." Martin Klaproth 1789 Germany Found in many minerals such as zircon and baddeleyite. Used in alloys such as zircaloy which
is used in nuclear applications since it does not readily absorb neutrons. Also baddeleyite is used in lab crucibles. Used in high-performance pumps and valves. Clear zircon (ZrSiO4) is a popular gemstone.
Niobium Nb 41 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 92.90638 "2,8,18,12,1" [Kr] 4d4 5s1 "2,3,5" 2468°C ±10°C 4742°C 1.6 1.34 Å .64 (+5) Å 2.08 Å 10.87 cm³/mol 6.7589 V 14.32 V 25.04 V " (5),3" 8.57 g/cm³ 0.26 J/gK 682.0 kJ/mol 26.40 kJ/mol 0.0693 10^6/cm
ohm 0.537 W/cmK 104 10³ MPa 7.3 10^-6 K^-1 3.3067 Å ni-OH-bee-em From Niobe; daughter of the mythical Greek king Tantalus. "Shiny white, soft, ductile metal." Charles Hatchet 1801 England "Occurs in a mineral columbite. Formerly known as colombium (Cb)
. It is used in stainless steel alloys for nuclear reactors, jets and missiles." "Used as an alloy with iron and nickel. It can be used in nuclear reactors and is known to be superconductive when alloyed with tin, aluminum or zirconium."
Molybdenum Mo 42 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 95.94 "2,8,18,13,1" [Kr] 4d5 5s1 "2,3,6" 2617°C 4612°C 2.16 1.30 Å .59 (+6) Å 2.01 Å 09.4 cm³/mol 7.0924 V 16.461 V 27.16 V " (6),5,4,3,2" 10.2 g/cm³ 0.25 J/gK 598.0 kJ/mol 32.0 kJ/mol 0.187 10^6/cm
ohm 1.38 W/cmK 322 10³ MPa 4.8 10^-6 K^-1 3.1469 Å meh-LIB-deh-nem Greek: molybdos (lead). "Hard, silvery-white metal." Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1778 Sweden Found in the minerals molybdenite (MoS2) and wulfenite (MoO4Pb). "Its alloys are used in aircraft, m
issiles, and protective coatings in boiler plate."
Technetium Tc 43 Transition Metal Hexagonal -97.9072 "2,8,18,13,2" [Kr] 4d5 5s2 "0,2,4,5,6,7" 2172°C 4877°C 1.9 1.27 Å -- 1.95 Å 08.5 cm³/mol 7.28 V 15.26 V 29.54 V " (7),6,4" 11.5 g/cm³ 0.21 J/gK 660.0 kJ/mol 24.0 kJ/mol 0.067 10^6/cm ohm 0.506 W/cmK 38
0 10³ MPa 8 10^-6 K^-1 2.735 Å 4.388 Å tek-NEE-shi-em Greek: technêtos (artificial). Silvery-gray metal. First synthetically produced element. "Carlo Perrier, Émillo Segrè" 1937 Italy Made first by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons (heavy hydrogen) in
a cyclotron. Added to iron in quantities as low as 55 part-per-million transforms the iron into a corrosion-resistant alloy.
Ruthenium Ru 44 Transition Metal Hexagonal 101.07 "2,8,18,15,1" [Kr] 4d7 5s1 "0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8" 2334°C 4150°C 2.2 1.25 Å .62 (+4) Å 1.89 Å 08.3 cm³/mol 7.3605 V 16.76 V 28.47 V "2,(3,4),6,8" 12.2 g/cm³ 0.238 J/gK 595.0 kJ/mol 24.0 kJ/mol 0.137 10^6/cm o
hm 1.17 W/cmK 430 10³ MPa 6.4 10^-6 K^-1 2.7059 Å 4.2818 Å roo-THE-ni-em Latin: Ruthenia (Russia). "Rare, extremely brittle, silver-gray metal." Karl Klaus 1844 Russia Found in pentlandite and pyroxinite. Used to harden platinum and palladium. Aircraft m
agnetos use platinum alloy with 10% ruthenium.
Rhodium Rh 45 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 102.9055 "2,8,18,16,1" [Kr] 4d8 5s1 "2,3,4,5,6" 1966°C ±3°C 3695°C 2.28 1.25 Å .67 (+3) Å 1.83 Å 08.3 cm³/mol 7.4589 V 18.08 V 31.06 V "2,(3),4" 12.4 g/cm³ 0.242 J/gK 493.0 kJ/mol 21.50 kJ/mol 0.211 10^
6/cm ohm 1.50 W/cmK 330 10³ MPa 8.2 10^-6 K^-1 3.8045 Å RO-di-em Greek: rhodon (rose). Its salts give a rosy solution. "Hard, silvery-white metal" William Wollaston 1803 England Obtained as a by-product of nickel production. Used as a coating to prevent
wear on high quality science equipment and with platinum to make thermocouples.
Palladium Pd 46 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 106.42 "2,8,18,18" [Kr] 4d10 "2,3,4" 1552°C 2940°C 2.2 1.28 Å .64 (+2) Å 1.79 Å 08.9 cm³/mol 8.3369 V 19.63 V 32.93 V " (2),4" 12.02 g/cm³ 0.24 J/gK 357.0 kJ/mol 17.60 kJ/mol 0.0950 10^6/cm ohm 0.718
W/cmK 127 10³ MPa 11.8 10^-6 K^-1 3.8908 Å peh-LAY-di-em "Named after the asteroid, Pallas, discovered in 1803." "Soft, malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal." William Wollaston 1803 England "Obtained with platinum, nickel, copper and mercury ores." U
sed as a substitue for silver in dental items and jewelry. The pure metal is used as the delicate mainsprings in analog wristwatches. Also used in surgical instruments and as catalyst .
Silver Ag 47 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 107.8682 "2,8,18,18,1" [Kr] 4d10 5s1 "1,2" 961.93°C 2162°C 1.93 1.34 Å 1.15 (+1) Å 1.75 Å 10.3 cm³/mol 7.5762 V 21.49 V 34.83 V 1 10.5 g/cm³ 0.235 J/gK 250.580 kJ/mol 11.30 kJ/mol 0.630 10^6/cm ohm 4.29
W/cmK 80 10³ MPa 18.9 10^-6 K^-1 4.0863 Å SIL-ver "Anglo-Saxon: siolful, (silver); symbol from Latin: argentium." "Silvery-ductile, and malleable metal" Known to the ancients. Unknown Unknown "Found in ores called argentite (AgS), light ruby silver (Ag3
AsS3), dark ruby silver(Ag3SbS3) and brittle silver." "Used in alloys for jewelry and in other compounds for photography. It is also a good conductor, but expensive."
Cadmium Cd 48 Metal Hexagonal 112.411 "2,8,18,18,2" [Kr] 4d10 5s2 2 320.9°C 765°C 1.69 1.48 Å .95 (+2) Å 1.71 Å 13.1 cm³/mol 8.9937 V 16.908 V 37.48 V 2 8.65 g/cm³ 0.23 J/gK 99.570 kJ/mol 6.192 kJ/mol 0.138 10^6/cm ohm 0.968 W/cmK 62 10³ MPa 30.8 10^-6 K
^-1 2.9789 Å 5.6169 Å KAD-me-em Greek: kadmeia (ancient name for calamine (zinc oxide)). "Soft, malleable, blue-white metal." Fredrich Stromeyer 1817 Germany Obtained as a by product of zinc refining. "Used in nickel-cadmium batteries. Also in electropla
ting steel and in the manufacture of berings. Its compounds are found in paint pigments and a wide variety of intense colors. Boiling cadmium gives off a weird, yellow-colored vapor that is poisonous."
Indium In 49 Metal Tetragonal 114.818 "2,8,18,18,3" [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1 "1,2,3" 156.61°C 2080°C 1.78 1.44 Å .80 (+3) Å 2.00 Å 15.7 cm³/mol 5.7864 V 18.869 V 28.03 V 3 7.31 g/cm³ 0.23 J/gK 231.50 kJ/mol 3.263 kJ/mol 0.116 10^6/cm ohm 0.816 W/cmK 14 10³ MPa
32.1 10^-6 K^-1 4.5981 Å 4.9469 Å IN-di-em "Latin: indicum (color indigo), the color it shows in a spectroscope." "Rare, very soft, silver-white metal" "Ferdinand Reich, T. Richter" 1863 Germany Found in certain zinc ores. Used to coat high speed bearing
s and as an alloy that lowers the melting point of other metals. Relativly small amounts are used in dental items and in electronic semiconductors.
Tin Sn 50 Metal Tetragonal 118.71 "2,8,18,18,4" [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 "2,4" 231.97°C 2602°C 1.96 1.41 Å .71 (+4) Å 1.72 Å 16.3 cm³/mol 7.3438 V 14.632 V 30.502 V " (4),2" 7.30 g/cm³ 0.227 J/gK 295.80 kJ/mol 7.029 kJ/mol 0.0917 10^6/cm ohm 0.666 W/cmK 50 10³
MPa 22.0 10^-6 K^-1 5.8317 Å TIN "Named after Etruscan god, Tinia; symbol from Latin: stannum (tin)." "Silvery-white, soft, malleable and ductile metal." Known to the ancients. Unknown Unknown Principally found in the ore cassiterite(SnO2) and stannine
(Cu2FeSnS4). "Used as a coating for steel cans since it is nontoxic and noncorrosive. Also in solder (33%Sn:67%Pb), bronze (20%Sn:80%Cu), and pewter. Stannous fluoride (SnF2), a compound of tin and fluorine is used in some toothpaste."
Antimony Sb 51 Metal Rhombohedral 121.757 "2,8,18,18,5" [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 "0,-3,3,5" 630.74°C 1587°C 2.05 1.40 Å .76 (+3) Å 1.53 Å 18.23 cm³/mol 8.64 V 16.53 V 25.30 V " (±3),5" 6.684 g/cm³ 0.21 J/gK 77.140 kJ/mol 19.870 kJ/mol 0.0288 10^6/cm ohm 0.243 W
/cmK 67 10³ MPa 11.0 10^-6 K^-1 4.5069 Å "a=57° 6'27""" AN-teh-MOH-ni Greek: anti and monos (not alone); symbol from mineral stibnite. "Hard, brittle, silvery-white semimetal." Known to the ancients. Unknown Unknown Found in stibnite (Sb2S3) and in valen
tinite (Sb2O3). It is alloyed with other metals to increase their hardness. Also in the manufacture of a few special types of semiconductor devices. Also in plastics and chemicals. A few kinds of over-the-counter cold and flu remedies use antimony compoun
ds.
Tellurium Te 52 Non-Metal Hexagonal 127.6 "2,8,18,18,6" [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 "2,4,6" 449.5°C 989.9°C 2.1 1.36 Å .97 (+4) Å 1.42 Å 20.5 cm³/mol 9.0096 V 18.60 V 27.96 V "-2,(4),6" 6.24 g/cm³ 0.20 J/gK 52.550 kJ/mol 17.490 kJ/mol 2.0e-6 10^6/cm ohm 0.0235 W/c
mK 40 10³ MPa 18.8 10^-6 K^-1 4.4568 Å 5.9270 Å te-LOOR-i-em Latin: tellus (earth). "Silvery-white, brittle simi-metal." Franz Müller von Reichenstein 1782 Romania Obtained as a by-product of copper and lead refining. Used to improve the machining qualit
y of copper and stainless steel products and to color glass and ceramics. Also in thermoelectric devices. Some is used in the rubber industry and it is a basic ingredient in manufacturing blasting caps.
Iodine I 53 Halogen Orthorhombic 126.90447 "2,8,18,18,7" [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 "1,3,5,7" 113.5°C 184.35°C @ 35 atmos. 2.66 1.33 Å 2.20 (-1) Å 1.32 Å 25.74 cm³/mol 10.4513 V 19.131 V 33.0 V " (±1),5,7" 4.93 g/cm³ 0.214 J/gK 20.752 kJ/mol 7.824 kJ/mol 8.0e-16
10^6/cm ohm 0.00449 W/cmK -- 87 10^-6 K^-1 4.79 Å 7.25 Å 9.78 Å EYE-eh-dine Greek: iôeides (violet colored). "Shiny, black, non-metalic solid; as a gas it is violet and intensely irritating to the eyes, nose and throat." Bernard Courtois 1811 France Occur
s on land and in the sea in sodium and potassium compounds. "Required in small amounts by humans. Once used as an antiseptic, but no longer due to its poisonous nature."
Xenon Xe 54 Noble Gas Cubic: Face centered 131.29 "2,8,18,18,8" [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 0 -111.9°C -107.1°C 0 1.31 Å -- 1.24 Å 37.3 cm³/mol 12.1299 V 21.21 V 32.10 V 0 0.00588 g/cm³ 0.158 J/gK 12.636 kJ/mol 2.297 kJ/mol -- 0.0000569 W/cmK -- 253 10^-6 K^-1 --
ZEE-non Greek: xenos (strange). "Heavy, colorless, odorless, noble gas." Sir William Ramsay; M. W. Travers 1898 England Obtain from the small quantities in liquid air. Used for filling flash lamps and other powerful lamps. Electrical excitation of xenon
produces a burst of brilliant whtie light. Also used in bubble chambers and modern nuclear power reactors.
Cesium Cs 55 Alkali Metal Cubic: Body centered 132.90543 "2,8,18,18,8,1" [Xe] 6s1 1 28.4°C 669.3°C 0.79 2.35 Å 1.74 (+1) Å 3.34 Å 71.07 cm³/mol 3.8939 V 25.10 V -- 1 1.873 g/cm³ 0.24 J/gK 67.740 kJ/mol 2.092 kJ/mol 0.0489 10^6/cm ohm 0.359 W/cmK 1.8 10³
MPa 100 10^-6 K^-1 6.0797 Å SEE-zi-em Latin: coesius (sky blue); for the blue lines of its spectrum. "Very soft, light gray, ductile metal." "Gustov Kirchoff, Robert Bunsen" 1860 Germany Found in pollucite [(Cs4Al4Si9O26).H2O] and as trace in lepidolite
. "Used as a 'getter' to remove air traces in vacuum and cathode-ray tubes. Also used in producing photoelectric devices and atomic clocks. Since it ionizes readily, it is used as an ion rocket motor propellant."
Barium Ba 56 Alkali Earth Metal Cubic: Body centered 137.327 "2,8,18,18,8,2" [Xe] 6s2 2 725°C 1897°C 0.89 1.98 Å 1.42 (+2) Å 2.78 Å 39.24 cm³/mol 5.2117 V 10.004 V -- 2 3.51 g/cm³ 0.204 J/gK 142.0 kJ/mol 7.750 kJ/mol 0.030 10^6/cm ohm 0.184 W/cmK 13 10³
MPa 20.6 10^-6 K^-1 5.013 Å BAR-i-em Greek: barys (heavy or dense). "Soft, slightly malleable, silvery-white metal." Sir Humphrey Davy 1808 England "Found in barytine (BaSO4) and witherite (BaCO3), never found in pure form due to its reactivity. Must be
stored under kerosene to remain pure." "Barite, or barium sulfate (BaSO4), when ground is used as a filter for rubber, plastics, and resins. It is insoluable in water and so is used in X-rays of the digestive system. Barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, burns brill
iant green and is used in fireworks."
Lanthanum La 57 Transition Metal Hexagonal 138.9055 "2,8,18,18,9,2" [Xe] 5d1 6s2 3 918°C 3464°C 1.1 1.69 Å 1.16 (+3) Å 2.74 Å 20.73 cm³/mol 5.5770 V 11.059 V 19.174 V 3 6.7 g/cm³ 0.19 J/gK 414.0 kJ/mol 6.20 kJ/mol 0.0126 10^6/cm ohm 0.135 W/cmK 50 10³ MP
a 5.2 10^-6 K^-1 3.770 Å 12.159 Å LAN-the-nem Greek: lanthanein (to be hidden). "Soft, silvery-white, malleable, ductile metal." Carl Mosander 1839 Sweden Found with rare earths in monazite and bastnasite. Monazite sand typicall contains 25% lanthanum. "
It is used in the electodes of high-intensity, carbon-arc lights. Also used in the production of high-grade europium metal. Because it gives glass refractive properties, it is used in expensive camera lenses."
Cerium Ce 58 Rare Earth Cubic: Face centered 140.115 "2,8,18,20,8,2" [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2 "3,4" 798°C ±3°C 3433°C 1.12 1.65 Å 1.14 (+3) Å 2.70 Å 20.67 cm³/mol 5.5387 V 10.851 V 20.20 V " (3),4" 6.78 g/cm³ 0.19 J/gK 414.0 kJ/mol 5.460 kJ/mol 0.0115 10^6/cm oh
m 0.114 W/cmK 30 10³ MPa 5.2 10^-6 K^-1 5.1603 Å SER-i-em "Named after the asteroid, Ceres, discovered two years before the element." "Malleable, ductile, iron-gray metal." "W. von Hisinger, J. Berzelius, M. Klaproth" 1803 Sweden/Germany Most abundant r
are earth metal. Found in many minerals like monazite sand [Ce(PO4)]. Its oxides are used in the optics and glass-making industries. Its salts are used in the photography and textile industry. Used in high-intensity carbon lamps and as alloying agents in
special metals.
Praseodymium Pr 59 Rare Earth Hexagonal 140.90765 "2,8,18,21,8,2" [Xe] 4f3 6s2 3 931°C 3520°C 1.13 1.65 Å 1.13 (+3) Å 2.67 Å 20.8 cm³/mol 5.464 V 10.551 V 21.62 V " (3,4)" 6.77 g/cm³ 0.19 J/gK 296.80 kJ/mol 6.890 kJ/mol 0.0148 10^6/cm ohm 0.125 W/cmK 50
10³ MPa 5.4 10^-6 K^-1 3.6726 Å 11.8358 Å pra-si-eh-DIM-i-em Greek: prasios and didymos (green twin); from its green salts. "Silvery white, moderately soft, malleable, ductile metal." C.F. Aver von Welsbach 1885 Austria Obtained from same salts as neodym
ium. Used with neodymium to make lenses for glass maker's goggles since it filters out the yellow light present in glass blowing. Alloyed with magnesium creates a high-strength metal used in aircraft engines. Makes up 5% of Mich metal.
Neodymium Nd 60 Rare Earth Hexagonal 144.24 "2,8,18,22,8,2" [Xe] 4f4 6s2 3 1021°C 3074°C 1.14 1.64 Å -- 2.64 Å 20.6 cm³/mol 5.5250 V 10.727 V 22.076 V 3 7.0 g/cm³ 0.19 J/gK 273.0 kJ/mol 7.140 kJ/mol 0.0157 10^6/cm ohm 0.165 W/cmK 38 10³ MPa 6.9 10^-6 K^-
1 3.6580 Å nee-eh-DIM-i-em Greek: neos and didymos (new twin). "Silvery-white, rare-earth metal that oxidizes easily in air." C.F. Aver von Welsbach 1925 Austria "Made from electrolysis of its halide salts, which are made from monazite sand." "Used in m
aking artificial ruby for lasers. Also in ceramics and for a special lens with praseodymium. Also to produce bright purple glass and special glass that filters infrared radiation. Makes up 18% of Mich metal, which is used in making steel."
Promethium Pm 61 Rare Earth Hexagonal -144.9127 "2,8,18,23,8,2" [Xe] 4f5 6s2 3 1042 °C 3000 °C (estimated) 1.13 1.63 Å 1.09 (+3) Å 2.62 Å 22.39 cm³/mol 5.55 V 10.903 V 22.283 V 3 6.475 g/cm³ 0.18 J/gK -- -- -- 0.179 W/cmK 42 10³ MPa -- -- pro-MEE-thi-e
m "Named for the Greek god, Prometheus." "Rare earth metal of synthetic origin on the earth, naturally made in stars." "J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin, C.D. Coryell" 1945 United States "Does not occur naturally. Found among fission products of uranium, tho
rium, and plutonium." It has been used as a source of radioactivity for thickness-measuring gages.
Samarium Sm 62 Rare Earth Rhombohedral 150.36 "2,8,18,24,8,2" [Xe] 4f6 6s2 "2,3" 1074°C 1794°C 1.17 1.62 Å 1.08 (+3) Å 2.59 Å 19.95 cm³/mol 5.6437 V 11.069 V 23.423 V " (3),2" 7.54 g/cm³ 0.20 J/gK 166.40 kJ/mol 8.630 kJ/mol 0.00956 10^6/cm ohm 0.133 W/cm
K 45 10³ MPa -- 8.996 Å a=23° 13' seh-MER-i-em Named after the mineral samarskite. Silvery rare earth metal. Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 1879 France Found with other rare earths in monazite sand. The sand is often 50% rare earths by weight and 2.8% s
amarium. It is used in the electronics and ceramics industries. It is easily magnetized and very difficult to demagnetize. This suggests important future applications in solid-state and superconductor technologies.
Europium Eu 63 Rare Earth Cubic: Body centered 151.965 "2,8,18,25,8,2" [Xe] 4f7 6s2 "2,3" 822°C 1527°C 1.2 1.85 Å 1.07 (+3) Å 2.56 Å 28.9 cm³/mol 5.6704 V 11.245 V 24.926 V " (3),2" 5.259 g/cm³ 0.18 J/gK 143.50 kJ/mol 9.210 kJ/mol 0.0112 10^6/cm ohm 0.13
9 W/cmK 15 10³ MPa 41 10^-6 K^-1 4.5822 Å yoo-RO-pi-em Named for the continent of Europe. "Soft, silvery-white metal." Eugène Demarçay 1901 France "Obtained from monazite sand, which is a mixture of phosphates of calcium, thorium, cerium, and most other
rare earths." Used with yttrium oxide to make red phosphors for color televisions.
Gadolinium Gd 64 Rare Earth Hexagonal 157.25 "2,8,18,25,9,2" [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 3 1313°C 3273°C 1.2 1.61 Å 1.05 (+3) Å 2.54 Å 19.9 cm³/mol 6.1500 V 12.095 V 20.635 V 3 7.895 g/cm³ 0.23 J/gK 359.40 kJ/mol 10.050 kJ/mol 0.00736 10^6/cm ohm 0.106 W/cmK 55 10³
MPa -2 10^-6 K^-1 3.6361 Å 5.7828 Å GAD-eh-LIN-i-em Named after the mineral gadolinite. "Soft, ductile, silvery-white metal." Jean de Marignac 1880 Switzerland Found with other rare earths in gadolinite and monazite sand. Used in steel alloying agents a
nd the manufacture of electronic components.
Terbium Tb 65 Rare Earth Hexagonal 158.92534 "2,8,18,27,8,2" [Xe] 4f9 6s2 "3,4" 1356°C 3230°C 1.2 1.59 Å 1.18 (+3) Å 2.51 Å 19.2 cm³/mol 5.8639 V 11.525 V 21.91 V " (3),4" 8.27 g/cm³ 0.18 J/gK 330.90 kJ/mol 10.80 kJ/mol 0.00889 10^6/cm ohm 0.111 W/cmK 57
10³ MPa 9.4 10^-6 K^-1 3.6011 Å 5.6938 Å TUR-bi-em "Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden." "Soft, ductile, silvery-gray, rare earth metal." Carl Mosander 1843 Sweden "Found with other rare earths in monazite sand, which typically contain 0.03% terbi
um. Other sources are xenotime and euxenite, both of which are oxide mixtures that can contain up to 1% terbium." It is used in modest amounts in special lasers and solid-state devices.
Dysprosium Dy 66 Rare Earth Hexagonal 162.5 "2,8,18,28,8,2" [Xe] 4f10 6s2 3 1412°C 2567°C 1.22 1.59 Å 1.03 (+3) Å 2.49 Å 19.0 cm³/mol 5.9389 V 11.67 V 22.802 V 3 8.536 g/cm³ 0.17 J/gK 230.0 kJ/mol 11.060 kJ/mol 0.0108 10^6/cm ohm 0.107 W/cmK 63 10³ MPa 9
.6 10^-6 K^-1 3.5904 Å 5.6477 Å dis-PRO-si-em Greek: dysprositos (hard to get at). "Soft, lustrous, silvery metal." Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 1886 France "Usually found with erbium, holmium and other rare earths in some minerals such as monazite sa
nd, which is often 50% rare earth by weight." Its uses are limited to the experimental and esoteric.
Holmium Ho 67 Rare Earth Hexagonal 164.93032 "2,8,18,29,8,2" [Xe] 4f11 6s2 3 1474°C 2700°C 1.23 1.58 Å -- 2.47 Å 18.7 cm³/mol 6.0216 V 11.805 V 22.843 V 3 8.80 g/cm³ 0.16 J/gK 241.0 kJ/mol 12.20 kJ/mol 0.0124 10^6/cm ohm 0.162 W/cmK 72 10³ MPa 9.8 10^-6
K^-1 3.5774 Å 5.6160 Å HOLE-mi-em "From Holmia, the Latinized name for Stockholm, Sweden." "Fairly soft, malleable, lustrous, silvery metal." J.L. Soret 1878 Switzerland Occurs in gadolinite. Most often from monazite which is often 50% rare earth and typ
ically 0.05% holmium. "It has very few practical applications; however, it has some unusual magnetic properties that offer some hope for future applications."
Erbium Er 68 Rare Earth Hexagonal 167.26 "2,8,18,30,8,2" [Xe] 4f12 6s2 3 1529°C 2868°C 1.24 1.57 Å 1.00 (+3) Å 2.45 Å 18.4 cm³/mol 6.1078 V 11.929 V 22.739 V 3 9.05 g/cm³ 0.17 J/gK 261.0 kJ/mol 19.90 kJ/mol 0.0117 10^6/cm ohm 0.143 W/cmK 73 10³ MPa 9.4 1
0^-6 K^-1 3.5589 Å 5.5876 Å UR-bi-em "Named after the Swedish town, Ytterby." "Soft, malleable, silvery metal." Carl Mosander 1843 Sweden Found with other heavier rare earths in xenotime and euxerite. "Erbium oxide is used in ceramics to obtain a pink gl
aze. Also a few uses in the nuclear industry and as an alloying agent for other exotic metals. For example, it increases the malleability of vanadium."
Thulium Tm 69 Rare Earth Hexagonal 168.93421 "2,8,18,31,8,2" [Xe] 4f13 6s2 3 1545°C 1950°C 1.25 1.56 Å 1.09 (+3) Å 2.42 Å 18.1 cm³/mol 6.1843 V 12.054 V 26.367 V " (3),2" 9.33 g/cm³ 0.16 J/gK 191.0 kJ/mol 16.840 kJ/mol 0.0150 10^6/cm ohm 0.168 W/cmK 76 1
0³ MPa 12 10^-6 K^-1 3.5346 Å 5.5548 Å THOO-li-em From Thule ancient name of Scandinavia. "Soft, malleable, ductile, silvery metal" Per Theodor Cleve 1879 Sweden "Found with other rare earths in the minerals gadolinite, euxenite, xenotime, and monazite.
Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and 0.007% thulium." "Radioactive thulium is used to power portable x-ray machines, eliminating the need for electrical equipment."
Ytterbium Yb 70 Rare Earth Cubic: Face centered 173.04 "2,8,18,32,8,2" [Xe] 4f14 6s2 "2,3" 819°C 1196°C 1.1 1.74 Å .99 (+3) Å 2.40 Å 24.79 cm³/mol 6.2542 V 12.188 V 25.03 V " (3),2" 6.98 g/cm³ 0.15 J/gK 128.90 kJ/mol 7.660 kJ/mol 0.0351 10^6/cm ohm 0.349
W/cmK 18 10³ MPa 25.1 10^-6 K^-1 5.4864 Å i-TUR-bi-em Named for the Swedish village of Ytterby. "Silvery, lustrous, malleable, and ductile metal." Jean de Marignac 1878 Switzerland "Found in minerals such as yttria, monazite, gadolinite, and xenotime.
Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and typically 0.03% ytterbium." Used in metallurgical and chemical experiments.
Lutetium Lu 71 Rare Earth Hexagonal 174.967 "2,8,18,32,9,2" [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2 3 1663°C 3402°C 1.27 1.56 Å .98 (+3) Å 2.25 Å 17.78 cm³/mol 5.4259 V 13.888 V 20.957 V 3 9.85 g/cm³ 0.15 J/gK 355.90 kJ/mol 18.60 kJ/mol 0.0185 10^6/cm ohm 0.164 W/cmK 84 10³ M
Pa 8.2 10^-6 K^-1 3.5032 Å 5.5511 Å loo-TEE-shi-em "Named for the ancient name of Paris, Lutecia." "Silvery-white, hard, dense, rare earth metal." Georges Urbain 1907 France Found with ytterbium in gadolinite and xenotime. Usually obtained from monazite
sand which is ofter 50% rare earth by weight and 0.003% lutetium. It has no practical applications.
Hafnium Hf 72 Transition Metal Hexagonal 178.49 "2,8,18,32,10,2" [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 4 2227°C 4602°C 1.3 1.44 Å .83 (+4) Å 2.16 Å 13.6 cm³/mol 6.8251 V 14.925 V 23.32 V 4 13.2 g/cm³ 0.14 J/gK 575.0 kJ/mol 24.060 kJ/mol 0.0312 10^6/cm ohm 0.230 W/cmK 139 10
³ MPa 5.9 10^-6 K^-1 3.1947 Å 5.0513 Å HAF-ni-em "From Hafnia, the Latin name of Copenhagen." "Silvery, ductile metal." "Dirk Coster, Georg von Hevesy" 1923 Denmark Obtained from mineral zircon or baddeleyite. Used in reactor control rods because of its
ability to absorb neutrons.
Tantalum Ta 73 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 180.9479 "2,8,18,32,11,2" [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 "3,5" 2996°C 5425°C ±100°C 1.5 1.34 Å .64 (+5) Å 2.09 Å 10.90 cm³/mol 7.89 V -- -- 5 16.6 g/cm³ 0.14 J/gK 743.0 kJ/mol 31.60 kJ/mol 0.0761 10^6/cm ohm 0.575
W/cmK 183 10³ MPa 6.3 10^-6 K^-1 3.298 Å TAN-te-lem "From king Tantalus of Greek mythology, father of Niobe." "Rare, gray, heavy, hard but ductile, metal with a high melting point." Anders Ekeberg 1802 Sweden Chiefly occurs in the mineral tantalite. Alw
ays found with niobium. Often used as an economical substitute for platinum. Tantalum pentoxide is used in capacitors and in camera lenses to increase refracting power. It and its alloys are corrosion and wear resistant so it is used to make surgical and
dental tools.
Tungsten W 74 Transition Metal Cubic: Body centered 183.84 "2,8,18,32,12,2" [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 "2,3,4,5,6" 3410°C ±20°C 5660°C 2.36 1.30 Å .60 (+6) Å 2.02 Å 09.53 cm³/mol 7.98 V -- -- " (6),5,4,3,2" 19.3 g/cm³ 0.13 J/gK 824.0 kJ/mol 35.40 kJ/mol 0.189 10^
6/cm ohm 1.74 W/cmK 401 10³ MPa 4.5 10^-6 K^-1 3.1653 Å TUNG-sten Swedish: tung sten (heavy stone): symbol from its German name wolfram. "Hard, steel-gray to white metal. Highest melting point of all metals." Fausto and Juan José de Elhuyar 1783 Spain "
Occurs in the minerals scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4]." Made into filaments for vacuum tubes and electric lights. Also as contact points in cars. Combined with calcium or magnesium it makes phosphors. Tungsten carbide is extremely hard and
is used for making cutting tools and abrasives.
Rhenium Re 75 Transition Metal Hexagonal 186.207 "2,8,18,32,13,2" [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 "-1,1,2,3,4,5,6,7" 3180°C 5627°C (estimated) 1.9 1.28 Å .53 (+7) Å 1.97 Å 08.85 cm³/mol 7.88 V -- -- " (7),6,4,2,-1" 21.0 g/cm³ 0.13 J/gK 715.0 kJ/mol 33.20 kJ/mol 0.0542
10^6/cm ohm 0.479 W/cmK 461 10³ MPa 6.2 10^-6 K^-1 2.760 Å 4.458 Å REE-ni-em "Latin: Rhenus, the Rhine River." "Rare and costly, dense, silvery-white metal." "Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, Otto Berg" 1925 Germany Found in small amounts in gadolinite and mo
lybdenite. Has a very high melting point. Mixed with tungsten or platinum to make filaments for mass spectrographs. Its main value is as a trace alloying agent for hardening metal components that are subjected to continuous frictional forces.
Osmium Os 76 Transition Metal Hexagonal 190.23 "2,8,18,32,14,2" [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 "0,3,4,6,8" 3054°C 5027°C 2.2 1.26 Å .63 (+4) Å 1.92 Å 08.49 cm³/mol 8.7 V -- -- "2,3,(4),6,8" 22.40 g/cm³ 0.13 J/gK 746.0 kJ/mol 31.80 kJ/mol 0.109 10^6/cm ohm 0.876 W/cmK
550 10³ MPa 5.1 10^-6 K^-1 2.7354 Å 4.3193 Å OZ-mi-em Greek: osmê (odor). "Hard fine black powder or hard, lustrous, blue-white metal." Smithson Tenant 1804 England Obtained from the same ores as platinum. "Used to tip gold pen points, instrument pivots
, to make electric light filaments. Used for high temp. alloys and pressure bearings. Very hard and resists corrosion better than any other."
Iridium Ir 77 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 192.22 "2,8,18,32,15,2" [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 3 2410°C 4130°C 2.2 1.27 Å .63 (+4) Å 1.87 Å 08.54 cm³/mol 9.1 V -- -- "2,3,(4),6" 22.42 g/cm³ 0.130 J/gK 604.0 kJ/mol 26.10 kJ/mol 0.197 10^6/cm ohm 1.47 W/cmK
533 10³ MPa 6.4 10^-6 K^-1 3.8390 Å i-RID-i-em Latin: iris (rainbow). "Heavy, brittle, white metal." "S.Tenant, A.F.Fourcory, L.N.Vauquelin, H.V.Collet-Descoltils" 1804 England/France Found in gravel deposits with platinum. "Used with osmium to tip gol
d pen points, to make crucible and special containers. Also to make alloys used for standard weights and measures, and heat-resistant alloys. Also as hardening agent for platinum."
Platinum Pt 78 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 195.08 "2,8,18,32,17,1" [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 "2,3,4" 1772°C 3827°C 2.28 1.30 Å .63 (+4) Å 1.83 Å 09.10 cm³/mol 9.0 V 18.563 V -- "2,(4)" 21.45 g/cm³ 0.13 J/gK 510.0 kJ/mol 19.60 kJ/mol 0.0966 10^6/cm ohm
0.716 W/cmK 175 10³ MPa 8.8 10^-6 K^-1 3.9240 Å PLAT-n-em Spanish: platina (little silver). "Rare, very heavy, soft, silvery-white metal." Julius Scaliger 1735 Italy "Produced from deposits of native, or elemental, platinum." "Used in jewelry, to make c
rucible and special containers and as a catalyst. Used with cobalt to produce very strong magnets. Also to make standard weights and measures. Resists corrosion and acid attacks except aqua regia."
Gold Au 79 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered 196.96654 "2,8,18,32,18,1" [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 "1,3" 1064.43°C 2808°C 2.54 1.34 Å .85 (+3) Å 1.79 Å 10.2 cm³/mol 9.2257 V 20.521 V -- " (3),1" 19.32 g/cm³ 0.128 J/gK 334.40 kJ/mol 12.550 kJ/mol 0.452 10^6/c
m ohm 3.17 W/cmK 78.3 10³ MPa 14.2 10^-6 K^-1 4.0786 Å GOLD Anglo-Saxon: geolo (yellow); symbol from Latin: aurum (shining dawn). "Soft, malleable, bright yellow metal." Known to the ancients. Unknown Unknown "Found in veins in the crust, with cooper or
e and native ." "Very malleable. Used in electronics, jewelry and coins. It is a good reflector of infrared radiation, so a thin film of gold is applied to the glass of skyscrapers to reduce internal heating from sunlight."
Mercury Hg 80 Metal Rhombohedral 200.59 "2,8,18,32,18,2" [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 "1,2" -38.87°C 356.58°C 2 1.49 Å 1.02 (+2) Å 1.76 Å 14.82 cm³/mol 10.4375 V 18.759 V 34.202 V " (2),1" 13.546 g/cm³ 0.139 J/gK 59.229 kJ/mol 2.295 kJ/mol 0.0104 10^6/cm ohm 0.083
4 W/cmK 22 10³ MPa 49 10^-6 K^-1 3.005 Å a=70° 32' MER-kyoo-ri From the Roman god Mercury; symbol from Latin: hydrargyrus (liquid silver). "Heavy, silver-white metal, liquid at ordinary temperatures." Known to the ancients. Unknown Unknown Virtually all
mercury comes from cinnabar or mercury sulfide (HgS). Some sources of red cinnabar are so rich in mercury that droplets of elemental mercury can be found in random samples. "Used in thermometers, barometers, and batteries. Also used in electrical switches
and mercury-vapor lighting products."
Thallium Tl 81 Metal Hexagonal 204.3833 "2,8,18,32,18,3" [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1 "1,3" 303.5°C 1457°C ±10°C 2.04 1.48 Å 1.59 (+1) Å 2.08 Å 17.2 cm³/mol 6.1083 V 20.428 V 29.829 V "3,(1)" 11.85 g/cm³ 0.13 J/gK 164.10 kJ/mol 4.142 kJ/mol 0.0617 10^6/cm ohm
0.461 W/cmK 12 10³ MPa 29.9 10^-6 K^-1 3.4567 Å 5.5250 Å THAL-i-em "Greek: thallos (green twig), for a bright green line in its spectrum." Soft gray metal that looks like lead. Sir William Crookes 1861 England "Found in iron pyrites. Also in crookesite,
hutchinsonite and lorandite. Most is recovered from the byproducts of lead and zinc refining." Its compounds are used in rat and ant poisons. Also for detecting infrared radiation.
Lead Pb 82 Metal Cubic: Face centered 207.2 "2,8,18,32,18,4" [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 "2,4" 327.502°C 1740°C 2.33 1.47 Å 1.19 (+2) Å 1.81 Å 18.17 cm³/mol 7.4167 V 15.028 V 31.943 V "4,(2)" 11.34 g/cm³ 0.13 J/gK 177.70 kJ/mol 4.799 kJ/mol 0.0481 10^6/cm ohm
0.353 W/cmK 20 10³ MPa 28.8 10^-6 K^-1 4.9504 Å LED Anglo-Saxon: lead; symbol from Latin: plumbum. "Very soft, highly malleable and ductile, blue-white shiny metal." Known to the ancients. Unknown Unknown Found most often in ores called galena or lead
sulfide (PbS). Some is found in its native state. "Used in solder, shielding against radiation and in batteries."
Bismuth Bi 83 Metal Rhombohedral 208.98037 "2,8,18,32,18,5" [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 "3,5" 271.3°C 1560°C ±5°C 2.02 1.46 Å 1.03 (+3) Å 1.63 Å 21.3 cm³/mol 7.289 V 16.687 V 25.559 V " (3),5" 9.8 g/cm³ 0.12 J/gK 104.80 kJ/mol 11.30 kJ/mol 0.00867 10^6/cm ohm
0.0787 W/cmK 34 10³ MPa 13.4 10^-6 K^-1 4.736 Å a=57° 14' BIZ-meth "German: bisemutum, (white mass), Now spelled wismut." "Hard, brittle, steel-gray metal with a pink tint." Known to the ancients. Unknown Unknown It can be found free in nature and in mi
nerals like bismuthine (Bi2O3) and in bismuth ochre (Bi2O3) Main use is in pharmaceuticals and low melting point alloys used as fuses.
Polonium Po 84 Metal Monoclinic -208.9824 "2,8,18,32,18,6" [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 "-2,0,2,4,6" 254°C 962°C 2 1.46 Å -- 1.53 Å 22.23 cm³/mol 8.4167 V -- -- " (4),2" 9.4 g/cm³ 0.12 J/gK -- -- 0.0219 10^6/cm ohm 0.20 W/cmK 26 10³ MPa 23 10^-6 K^-1 3.345 Å
peh-LOW-ni-em "Named for Poland, native country of Marie Curie." "Silvery-gray, extremely rare, radioactive metal." Pierre and Marie Curie 1898 France Occurs in pitchblende from decay of bismuth. "Used in industrial equipment that eliminates static elect
ricity caused by such processes as rolling paper, wire, and sheet metal."
Astatine At 85 Halogen Unknown -209.9871 "2,8,18,32,18,7" [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 "1,3,5,7" 302°C 337°C 2.2 1.45 Å -- 1.43 Å -- 9.5 V -- -- " (±1),3,5,7" -- -- -- -- -- 0.017 W/cmK -- -- -- AS-teh-teen Greek: astatos (unstable). "Unstable, radioactive m
ember of the halogen group." "D.R.Corson, K.R.MacKenzie, E.Segré" 1940 United States Does not occur in nature. Similar to iodine. Produced by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles. Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially
significant compounds of astatine.
Radon Rn 86 Noble Gas Cubic: Face centered -222.0176 "2,8,18,32,18,8" [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 0 -71°C -61.8°C 0 -- -- 1.34 Å 50.5 cm³/mol 10.7485 V -- -- 0 0.00973 g/cm³ 0.09 J/gK 16.40 kJ/mol 2.890 kJ/mol -- 0.0000364 W/cmK -- -- -- RAY-don "Variation
of the name of another element, radium." "Colorless, odorless, tasteless, radioactive, heavy, noble gas." Fredrich Ernst Dorn 1898 Germany Formed from the decay of radium in the earths crust. Used to treat some forms of cancer.
Francium Fr 87 Alkali Metal Cubic: Body centered -223.0197 "2,8,18,32,18,8,1" [Rn] 7s1 1 27°C 677°C 0.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- 0.03 10^6/cm ohm 0.15 W/cmK 2 10³ MPa -- -- FRAN-si-em "Named for France, the nation of its discovery." "Highly r
are and unstable, radioactive metal." Marguerite Derey 1939 France Formed by decay of actinium. Chemical properties similar to cesium. Decays to radium or astatine. Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant compou
nds of francium.
Radium Ra 88 Alkali Earth Metal Cubic: Body centered -226.0254 "2,8,18,32,18,8,2" [Rn] 7s2 2 700°C 1140°C 0.9 -- 1.62 (+2) Å -- 45.20 cm³/mol 5.2789 V 10.148 V -- 2 5 g/cm³ 0.12 J/gK -- -- -- 0.186 W/cmK 16 10³ MPa 8 10^-6 K^-1 -- RAY-di-em Latin: radi
us (ray). Silvery-white metal. Intensely radioactive. Pierre and Marie Curie 1898 France Found in uranium ores at 1 part per 3 million parts uranium. Used in treating cancer because of the gamma rays it gives off.
Actinium Ac 89 Transition Metal Cubic: Face centered -227.0278 "2,8,18,32,18,9,2" [Rn] 6d1 7s2 -- 1050°C 3200°C (±300°C) 1.1 -- -- -- 22.54 cm³/mol 5.17 V 12.126 V -- 3 10.07 g/cm³ -- -- -- -- 0.12 W/cmK 34 10³ MPa -- 5.311 Å ak-TIN-i-em "Greek: akis,
aktinos (ray)." "Heavy, silvery-white, very radioactive metal" André Debierne 1899 France "Extremely rare, found in all uranium ores. Usually obtained by treating radium with neutrons in a reactor." It has no significant commercial applications.
Thorium Th 90 Rare Earth Cubic: Face centered 232.0381 "2,8,18,32,18,10,2" [Rn] 6d2 7s2 4 1750°C 4000°C 1.3 1.65 Å 1.05 (+4) Å -- 19.9 cm³/mol 6.08 V 11.504 V 20.003 V 4 11.7 g/cm³ 0.12 J/gK 514.40 kJ/mol 16.10 kJ/mol 0.0653 10^6/cm ohm 0.540 W/cmK 73 10
³ MPa 11.0 10^-6 K^-1 5.0847 Å THOR-i-em "Named for Thor, Norse god of thunder." "Heavy, gray, soft, malleable, ductile, radioactive metal." Jöns Berzelius 1828 Sweden Found in various minerals like monazite and thorite. "Used in making strong alloys. A
lso in ultraviolet photoelectric cells. It is a common ingredient in high-quality lenses. Bombarded with neutrons make uranium-233, a nuclear fuel."
Protactinium Pa 91 Rare Earth Orthorhombic 231.03588 "2,8,18,32,20,9,2" [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2 "4,5" 1600°C -- 1.5 -- -- -- 15.0 cm³/mol 5.89 V -- -- " (5),4" 15.4 g/cm³ 0.12 J/gK -- 12.30 kJ/mol 0.0529 10^6/cm ohm 0.47 W/cmK 100 10³ MPa 9.7 10^-6 K^-1 3.925 Å
3.238 Å PRO-tak-tin-eh-em Greek: proto and actinium (parent of actinium); it forms actinium when it radioactively decays. "Very rare, silvery-white, extremely radioactive metal." "Fredrich Soddy, John Cranston, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner" 1917 England/Fran
ce "Does not occur in nature. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium." It has no significant commercial applications.
Uranium U 92 Rare Earth Orthorhombic 238.0289 "2,8,18,32,21,9,2" [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2 "2,3,4,5,6" 1132°C 3818°C 1.38 1.42 Å .81 (+6) Å -- 12.59 cm³/mol 6.1941 V -- -- " (6),5,4,3" 18.9 g/cm³ 0.12 J/gK 477.0 kJ/mol 8.520 kJ/mol 0.0380 10^6/cm ohm 0.276 W/cmK
186 10³ MPa 13.9 10^-6 K^-1 2.8538 Å 5.8697 Å 4.9550 Å yoo-RAY-ni-em Named for the planet Uranus. "Silvery-white, dense, ductile, malleable, radioactive metal." Martin Klaproth 1789 Germany "Occurs in many rocks, but in large amounts only in such minerals
as pitchblende and carnotite." For many centuries it was used as a pigment for glass. Now it is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors and in bombs.
Neptunium Np 93 Rare Earth Orthorhombic -237.0482 "2,8,18,32,22,9,2" [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2 "3,4,5,6" 640°C 3902°C 1.36 -- -- -- 11.62 cm³/mol 6.2657 V -- -- "6,(5),4,3" 20.45 g/cm³ 0.12 J/gK -- 5.190 kJ/mol 0.00822 10^6/cm ohm 0.063 W/cmK 900 10³ MPa 28 10^-6
K^-1 6.663 Å 4.723 Å 4.887 Å nep-TOO-ni-em Named for the planet Neptune. "Rare, silvery radioactive metal." "E.M. McMillan, P.H. Abelson" 1940 United States Produced by bombarding uranium with slow neutrons. It has no significant commercial applications.
Plutonium Pu 94 Rare Earth Monoclinic -244.0642 "2,8,18,32,24,8,2" [Rn] 5f6 7s2 "3,4,5,6" 641°C 3232°C 1.28 -- -- -- 12.32 cm³/mol 6.06 V -- -- "6,5,(4),3" 19.8 g/cm³ 0.13 J/gK 344.0 kJ/mol 2.840 kJ/mol 0.00666 10^6/cm ohm 0.0674 W/cmK 97 10³ MPa 46.7 10
^-6 K^-1 6.183 Å 4.822 Å 10.963 Å ploo-TOE-ni-em Named for the planet Pluto. "Silvery-white, extremely radioactive artificially produced metal." "G.T.Seaborg, J.W.Kennedy, E.M.McMillan, A.C.Wohl" 1940 United States Found rarely in some uranium ores. Made
by bombarding uranium with neutrons. Used in bombs and reactors. Small quantities are used in thermo-electric generators.
Americium Am 95 Rare Earth Hexagonal -243.0614 "2,8,18,32,25,8,2" [Rn] 5f7 7s2 "2,3,4,5,6" 994°C 2607°C 1.3 -- -- -- 17.86 cm³/mol 5.993 V -- -- "6,5,4,(3)" 13.6 g/cm³ 0.11 J/gK -- 14.40 kJ/mol 0.022 10^6/cm ohm 0.1 W/cmK -- 7.1 10^-6 K^-1 3.4681 Å 11.2
40 Å am-er-ISH-i-em "Named for the American continent, by analogy with europium." "Silvery-white, artificially produced radioactive metal." "G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, L.O.Morgan, A.Ghiorso" 1945 United States Produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons.
Americium-241 is currently used in smoke detectors.
Curium Cm 96 Rare Earth Hexagonal -247.0703 "2,8,18,32,25,9,2" [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2 "3,4" 1340°C -- 1.3 -- -- -- 18.28 cm³/mol 6.02 V -- -- " (3),4" 13.5 g/cm³ -- -- 15.0 kJ/mol -- 0.1 W/cmK -- -- -- KYOOR-i-em Named in honor of Pierre and Marie Curie. "Si
lvery, malleable, synthetic radioactive metal." "G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, A.Ghiorso" 1944 United States Made by bombarding plutonium with helium ions. So radioactive it glows in the dark. It has no significant commercial applications.
Berkelium Bk 97 Rare Earth Unknown -247.0703 "2,8,18,32,26,9,2" [Rn] 5f9 7s2 "3,4" -- -- 1.3 -- -- -- -- 6.23 V -- -- "4,(3)" -- -- -- -- -- 0.1 W/cmK -- -- -- BURK-li-em "Named after Berkeley, California the city of its discovery." Synthetic radioacti
ve metal. "G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso" 1949 United States Some compounds have been made and studied. Made by bombarding americium with alpha particles. It has no significant commercial applications.
Californium Cf 98 Rare Earth Unknown -251.0796 "2,8,18,32,28,8,2" [Rn] 5f10 7s2 -- -- -- 1.3 -- -- -- -- 6.30 V -- -- "4,(3)" -- -- -- -- -- 0.1 W/cmK -- -- -- kal-eh-FOR-ni-em Named after the state and University of California. Synthetic radioactive m
etal. Powerful neutron emitter. "G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso, K.Street Jr." 1950 United States Made by bombarding curium with helium ions. It has no significant commercial applications.
Einsteinium Es 99 Rare Earth Unknown -252.083 "2,8,18,32,29,8,2" [Rn] 5f11 7s2 -- -- -- 1.3 -- -- -- -- 6.42 V -- -- " (2),3" -- -- -- -- -- 0.1 W/cmK -- -- -- ine-STINE-i-em Named in honor of the scientist Albert Einstein. Synthetic radioactive metal.
"Argonne, Los Alamos, U of Calif" 1952 United States Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons. It has no significant commercial applications.
Fermium Fm 100 Rare Earth Unknown -257.0951 "2,8,18,32,30,8,2" [Rn] 5f12 7s2 -- -- -- 1.3 -- -- -- -- 6.50 V -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- 0.1 W/cmK -- -- -- FER-mi-em Named in honor of the scientist Enrico Fermi. Synthetic radioactive metal. "Argonne, Los Al
amos, U of Calif" 1953 United States Produced by bombarding lighter transuranium elements with still lighter particles or by neutron capture. It has no significant commercial applications.
Mendelevium Md 101 Rare Earth Unknown -258.0984 "2,8,18,32,31,8,2" [Rn] 5f13 7s2 "2,3" -- -- 1.3 -- -- -- -- 6.58 V -- -- "2,3" -- -- -- -- -- 0.1 W/cmK -- -- -- men-deh-LEE-vi-em "Named in honor of the scientist Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleyev, who devis
ed the periodic table." Synthetic radioactive metal. "G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso, K.Street Jr." 1955 United States Made by bombarding einsteinium with helium ions. It has no significant commercial applications.
Nobelium No 102 Rare Earth Unknown -259.1011 "2,8,18,32,32,8,2" [Rn] 5f14 7s2 -- -- -- 1.3 -- -- -- -- 6.65 V -- -- "2,3" -- -- -- -- -- 0.1 W/cmK -- -- -- no-BELL-i-em "Named in honor of Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and founded Nobel prize." Sy
nthetic radioactive metal. Nobel Institute for Physics 1957 Sweden Made by bombarding curium with carbon-13 It has no significant commercial applications.
Lawrencium Lr 103 Rare Earth Unknown -262.1098 "2,8,18,32,32,9,2" [Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 -- -- -- -- -- 0.1 W/cmK -- -- -- lor-ENS-i-em "Named in honor of Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron." Synthetic radioactiv
e metal. "A.Ghiorso, T.Sikkeland, A.E.Larsh, R.M.Latimer" 1961 United States Produced by bombarding californium with boron ions. It has no significant commercial applications.
Rutherfordium Rf 104 Transition Metal Unknown -261.1089 "2,8,18,32,32,10,2" [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- 0.23 W/cmK -- -- -- ruth-er-FORD-i-em Named in honor of Ernest Rutherford Synthetic radioactive metal. "A. G
hiorso, et al" 1969 United States "Made by bombarding californium-249 with beams of carbon-12 and 13, which produced an isotope with half lives of 4+ and 3 sec." It has no significant commercial applications.
Hahnium Ha 105 Transition Metal Unknown -262.1144 "2,8,18,32,32,11,2" [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.58 W/cmK -- -- -- HA-ni-em Named in honor of Otto Hahn Synthetic radioactive metal. "A. Ghiorso, et al" 1970 Un
ited States Made by bombarding californium-249 with a beam of nitrogen-15 It has no significant commercial applications.
Seaborgium Sg 106 Transition Metal Unknown -263.1186 "2,8,18,32,32,12,2" [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- see-BORG-i-em "Named in honor of Glenn Seaborg, American physical chemist known for research on tr
ansuranium elements." Synthetic radioactive metal. Soviet Nuclear Research/ U. of Cal at Berkeley 1974 USSR/United States Made by bombarding californium-249 with oxygen-18. It has no significant commercial applications.
Nielsbohrium Ns 107 Transition Metal Unknown -262.1231 "2,8,18,32,32,13,2" [Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- neels-BOR-i-em Named in honor of Niels Bohr Synthetic radioactive metal. Heavy Ion Research Labo
ratory (HIRL) 1976 Germany Obtained by bombarding bismuth-204 with chromium-54. It has no significant commercial applications.
Hessium Hs 108 Transition Metal Unknown -265.1306 "2,8,18,32,32,14,2" [Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- HES-i-em "Named in honor of Henri Hess, Swiss born Russian chemist known for work in thermodydamics."
Synthetic radioactive metal. Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL) 1984 Germany Formed by the bombardment of lead-208 with iron-58. It has no significant commercial applications.
Mietnerium Mt 109 Transition Metal Unknown -266.1378 "2,8,18,32,32,15,2" [Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- MITE-ner-i-um Named in honor of Lise Mietner Synthetic radioactive metal. Heavy Ion Research Labor
atory (HIRL) 1982 Germany Obtained by bombarding bismuth-209 with iron-58. It has no significant commercial applications.
Unnunnilium Unn 110 Transition Metal Unknown -268 "2,8,18,32,32,16,2" [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- oon-nun-NIL-i-em Un (one) nun (one) nilium (zero) Synthetic radioactive metal. Heavy Ion Research Lab
oratory (HIRL) 1994 Germany Made by bombarding bismuth-209 with cobolt-59. It has no significant commercial applications.
Unnununium Unu 111 Transition Metal Unknown -269 "2,8,18,32,32,17,2" [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- oon-nun-OON-i-em Un (one) nun (one) unium (one) Synthetic radioactive metal. Heavy Ion Research Labor
atory (HIRL) 1994 Germany Made by bombarding bismuth-209 with nickel-60. It has no significant commercial applications.