Date: Sun, 11 Feb 1996 01:02:13 -0800
From: keelynet@ix.netcom.com (Jerry Decker)
Subject: Hudson Patent Application (denied 1988)
Hi Folks! Thanks to an anonymous contributor, we now have David
Hudsons patent application for the ORMES process....
The full thing has 10 diagrams and about 12 pages resulting in a 750KB
ZIP file.....but the primary files needed are the text file HUDPTNT.ASC
and HUDFIG2.GIF (showing the equipment layout and flask reduction
arrangement)...therefore, both of these are bundled on KeelyNet as
HUDBASIC.ZIP, or you can get all of it as HUDPTNT.ZIP...
Anyway, hope you find it informative, it took some time and string
pulling to locate it....also included are a couple of other files you
might find of interest.....take care and seeya at the April ISNE96 in
Denver!....>>> Jerry Decker/KeelyNet
______________________________________________________________________________
| File Name : HUDPTNT.ASC | Online Date : 02/09/96 |
| Contributed by : Anonymous | Dir Category : ENERGY |
| From : KeelyNet BBS | DataLine : (214) 324-3501 |
| KeelyNet * PO BOX 870716 * Mesquite, Texas * USA * 75187 |
| A FREE Alternative Sciences BBS sponsored by Vanguard Sciences |
| InterNet email keelynet@ix.netcom.com (Jerry Decker) |
| Files also available at Bill Beaty's Website |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
In keeping with the spirit of building aggregate knowledge through sharing,
the following information was sent to KeelyNet anonymously.
This document is the original patent application which David Hudson applied
for and describes how to make Ormes Gold. All elements can be converted to
the ORMES form, but to our understanding; Gold, Iridium and Rhodium have been
the elements most experimented with.
Although David mentions the ORMES patent as though it was granted, it was in
fact NOT granted. This was communicated to us by David when he was in Dallas
early in 1995. David said the reason the patent was not granted was because
it dealt with information deemed 'of a sensitive nature' at the time (1988).
If this 'sensitive nature' refers to transmutation, that is somewhat of an
understatement when one considers the ramifications.
To the person who made this information available to our network,
we thank you for coming forth with it!
The files as listed on KeelyNet are;
HUDPTNT.ASC - patent text description
HUDFIG1.GIF - patent Figure 1 - introduction to the transition elements
HUDFIG2.GIF - patent Figure 2 - circuit setup for making ORMES gold
- patent Figure 3 - flask reduction arrangement
HUDFIG3.GIF - patent Figure 4 - absorption spectra of elements
HUDFIG4.GIF - patent Figure 5 - chart of helium annealed sample
HUDFIG5.GIF - patent Figure 6 - chart of differential thermal analysis of
H2 reduced iridium product under reduced
helium in a platinum pan
- patent Figure 7 - chart of thermogravimetric analysis of H2
reduced iridium
HUDFIG6.GIF - patent Figure 8 - chart of iridium weight/temp variations
- patent Figure 9 - chart of " " "
HUDFIG7.GIF - patent Figure 10 - chart of " " "
patent Figure 11 - chart of " " "
HUDFIG8.GIF - patent Figure 12 - chart of " " "
- patent Figure 13 - chart of " " "
HUDFIG9.GIF - patent Figure 14 - chart of " " "
- patent Figure 15 - chart of " " "
HUDFIG10.GIF - patent Figure 16 - chart of " " "
- patent Figure 17 - chart of " " "
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HUDPTNT.ZIP - all the above files (text & .GIFs) bundled into one zip file
HUDBASIC.ZIP - only this text file and HUDFIG2.GIF bundled as one zip
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This patent was generated and applied for in 1988, but was not granted.
(ORMES - orbitally re-arranged monoatomic elements)
NON-METALLIC, MONOATOMIC FORMS
OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
This invention relates to the monoatomic forms of certain transition and
noble metal elements, namely, gold, silver, copper, cobalt, nickel and the six
platinum group elements. More particularly, this invention relates to the
separation of the aforesaid transition and noble metal elements from naturally
occurring materials in their orbitally rearranged monoatomic forms, and to
the preparation of the aforesaid transition and noble metal elements in their
orbitally rearranged monoatomic forms from their commercial metallic forms.
The materials of this invention are stable, substantially pure, non-metallic-
like forms of the aforesaid transition and noble metal elements, and have a
hereto unknown electron orbital rearrangement in the "d", "s", and vacant "p"
orbitals. The electron rearrangement bestows upon the monoatomic elements
unique electronic, chemical, magnetic, and physical properties which have
commercial application.
This invention also relates to the recovery of the metallic form of each of
the aforesaid transition and noble metal elements from the orbitally
rearranged monoatomic forms.
For the purposes of this application, the following definitions shall apply:
transition elements ("T-metals") means the metallic or cationic form of gold,
silver, copper, cobalt and nickel, and the six platinum group elements, i.e.,
platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, and osmium; and "ORME" means
the Orbitally Rearranged Monoatomic Elemental forms of each of the T-metals.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
Inorganic chemists working with soluble salts of noble metals until relatively
recently have assumed that the metals were dissolved as free ions in aqueous
solutions. In the 1960's, with the advent of greater analytical capabilities,
it was established that many elements and in particular the transition metals
are present in aqueous solutions as metal-metal bonded clusters of atoms.
Gold metal that has been dissolved with aqua regia, and subsequently converted
to gold chloride by repeated evaporation with HCl to remove nitrates, is
commonly referred to as the acid chloride solution of AuCl3 or HAuCl4.
It has been recognized that the recovery of gold metal from a solution formed
from aqua regia is made more difficult in proportion to the amount of HNO3
used in the initial dissolution procedures. It is not commonly understood,
however, why the gold that is dissolved with less HNO3 is easier to reduce to
the metal from a chloride solution than gold that is dissolved using a greater
amount of HNO3. Gold in both solutions is generally regarded as being present
in the form of a free gold cation.
It is now recognized by most chemists who regularly handle chlorides of gold
that gold metal ceases to disaggregate when the HNO3 is removed and in fact
can reaggregate under certain conditions and precipitate out of HCl solutions
as metal. This recognition has led to the discovery that gold metal salts
will exist in HCl solutions originating from metals as clusters of Au2Cl6,
Au3Cl9, Au4Cl12, up to Au33Cl99. These cluster salts are actually in solution
with the HCl and water, and will require different chemical procedures
relative to purification problems or oxidation-reduction reactions, depending
on the degree of clustering.
Specifically, reduction of clusters of gold having greater than 11 atoms of
metal is easily performed since the atoms themselves are spaced from each
other in the salt similar to their spacing in the metal itself before
dissolution. Reduction of the chloride salt to the metal, therefore, requires
a simple reductive elimination of the chlorides that are attached to the metal
cluster. It is now known that recovery of precious metals from aqueous
solutions is much more difficult when the cluster size becomes smaller and
smaller, or in actuality when the metal is better "dissolved."
>From the study of the behavior of gold and other transition metals in
solution, it is now believed that all such metals have atomic aggregations and
occur as at least diatoms under normal conditions of dissolution . Under
either acid or strong base dissolution, the transition metal will not normally
dissolve beyond the diatom due to the extremely strong interatomic d and s
orbital bonding. A gold atom, for example, has a single atom electron
orbital configuration of d10s1. When the gold salts originate from a metal
having gold-gold bonding, the salts contain very tightly bound diatoms or
larger clusters of gold. Under the normal aqueous acid chemistry used for
transition metals, solutions of the metals will always contain two or more
atoms in the cluster form.
When instrumental analysis such as atomic absorption, x-ray fluorescence, or
emission spectroscopy is performed on solutions containing transition metals,
these analyses are based on electronic transitions. The fact that d orbital
electron overlap occurs in the metal-metal bonded salt allows an analysis of
many of the same characteristic omissions as the metal itself.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION
During efforts to effect quantitative analytical separations of transition
metals from naturally occurring materials, it was discovered that ORMEs exist
naturally and are found in salts with alkali metals and/or alkaline earth
metals, all of which are coupled with waters of hydration and normally found
with silica and alumina. ORMEs are also often associated with sulfides and
other mineral compositions.
ORMEs may also, it was discovered, be prepared from commercially available T-
metals. For ease of description the invention will be primarily described by
the preparation of a gold ORME ("G-ORME") from commercially available metallic
yellow gold.
The atoms of each ORME do not have d electron orbital overlap as do their
corresponding T-metal clusters. ORMEs do not, therefore, exhibit the same
characteristic emissions of their corresponding T-metal when subjected to
analysis by instruments which depend upon electronic transitions. ORMEs
must, therefore, be identified in new ways, ways which have heretofore not
been used to identify T-metals.
An aqua regia solution of metallic gold is prepared. This solution contains
clusters of gold chlorides of random size and degrees of aggregation. HCl is
added to the solution and it is repeatedly evaporated with a large excess of
NaCl (20:1 moles Na to moles Au) to moist salts. The addition of NaCl allows
the eventual formation of NaAuCl4, after all HNO3 is removed from the
solution. The sodium, like gold, has only one unpaired S electron and,
accordingly, tends to form clusters of at least two atoms. The sodium,
however, does not d orbitally overlap the gold atom as it has no d electrons,
resulting in a surface reaction between the sodium ATOMS and the gold atoms.
This results in a weakening of the gold-gold cluster stability and causes the
eventual formation of a sodium-gold linear bond with a weakened d orbital
activity in the individual gold atoms. The sodium-gold compound, formed
by repeated evaporation to salts, will provide a chloride of sodium-gold. In
these salts the sodium and gold are believed to be charged positive, i.e.,
have lost electrons: and the chlorine is negative, i.e., has gained electrons.
When the salts are dissolved in water and the pH slowly adjusted to neutral,
full equation of the sodium-gold diatom will slowly occur and chloride is
removed from the complex. Chemical reduction of the sodium-gold solution
results in the formation of a sodium auride. Continued aquation results in
disassociation of the gold atom from the sodium and the eventual formation of
a protonated auride of gold as a gray precipitate.
Subsequent annealing produces the G-ORME. The G-ORME has an electron
rearrangement whereby it acquires a d orbital hole or holes which share
energy with an electron or electrons. This pairing occurs under the influence
of a magnetic field external to the field of the electrons.
G-ORMEs are stable and possess strong interatomic repulsive magnetic forces,
relative to their attractive forces. G-ORME stability is demonstrated by
unique thermal and chemical properties. The white saltlike material that is
formed from G-ORMEs after treatment with halogens, and the white oxide
appearing material formed when G-ORMEs are treated with fuming HClO4 or fuming
H2SO4 are dissimilar from the T-metal or its salts. The G-ORME will not react
with cyanide, will not be dissolved by aqua regia, and will not wet or
amalgamate with mercury. It also does not sinter at 800C under reducing
conditions, and remains an amorphous powder at 1200C. These characteristics
are contrary to what is observed for metallic gold and/or gold cluster salts.
G-ORMEs require a more negative potential than -2.45 v to be reduced, a
potential that cannot be achieved with ordinarily known aqueous chemistry.
The strong interatomic repulsive forces are demonstrated in that the G-ORMEs
remain as a powder at 1200C. This phenomenon results from canceling of the
normal attractive forces arising from the net interaction between the
shielded, paired electrons and the unshielded, unpaired s and d valence
electrons.
G-ORMEs have no unpaired valence electrons and, therefore, tend not to
aggregate as would clusters of gold which have one or more unpaired valence
electrons.
G-ORMEs can be reconverted to metallic gold from which they were formed. This
reconversion is accomplished by an oxidation rearrangement which removes all
paired valence electrons together with their vacancy pair electrons, with a
subsequent refilling of the d and s orbitals with unpaired electrons until
the proper configuration is reached for the T-metal.
This oxidation rearrangement is effected by subjecting the G-ORME to a large
negative potential in the presence of an electron-donating element, such as
carbon, thus forming a metallic element-carbon chemical bond. For that metal-
carbon bond to occur the carbon must provide for the horizontal removal of the
d orbital vacancy of the ORME.
The carbon acts like a chemical fulcrum. When the element-carbon bond is
reduced by way of further decreasing the potential, the carbon receives a
reducing electron and subsequently vertically inserts that reducing electron
below the s orbitals of the element, thus forming metallic gold.
The above general description for the preparation of G-ORME from commercially
available metallic gold is applicable equally for the preparation of the
remaining ORMEs, except for the specific potential energy required and the use
of nascent nitrogen (N) rather than carbon to convert the other ORMEs to their
constituent metallic form.
The specific energies range between -1.8 V and -2.5 V depending on the
particular element. Alternatively this rearrangement can be achieved
chemically by reacting NO gas with the T-metal ORMEs other than gold. Nitric
oxide is unique in that it possesses the necessary chemical potential as well
as the single unpaired electron.
THEORY OF ORMES FORMATION
T-metals can possess an electron rearrangement between the d and s orbitals as
seen from FIGURE 1 of the drawing which plots the principal quantum number
versus the atomic number. The boxed areas designated A, B, and C establish
that the 3d electron energies of copper and cobalt are very close to the same
energy level as the 4s electron energies.
The 4d electron energies of silver and rhodium are almost identical to the 5s;
orbital energies, and the 5d gold and iridium electron energies are
approaching the 6s level energies. The proximity of the energy bands of the
T-metals makes them unique with respect to other elements. This proximity
allows an easier transition to their lowest energy state, as hereinafter
described.
When two transition metal atoms are bound together, they can d bond, or s
bond, or they can d and s bond. When the two atoms s bond, their atomic
distances are further apart and, therefore, their density is lower than
when there is both d and s bonding. The amount of d orbital bonding activity
is in direct proportion to the cluster size. Therefore, a single atom cluster
will have less d bonding activity and more s bonding activity than will a
cluster of 7 or more atoms. In addition; the chemical stability of the
smaller clusters is much less than that of the metal because, when d orbital
bonding is achieved, the s bonding is made more stable by overlapping of the
two energy levels.
It is known that there exists a critical size, in the range of 3-20 atoms, for
Pd II, Ag I and Au III, by way of example, which is necessary for metal
deposition from solution. As the number of atoms in the T-metal cluster
decreases through continuous evaporation in the presence of NaCl, the solution
becomes a solution of diatoms which in the case of gold is represented as Au-
1 - Au+1 i.e., Au-1 bonded to Au+1. The rationale for this representation of
a gold diatom is based upon the fact that a single gold atom has an odd spin
electron, as does rhodium, iridium, gold, cobalt and copper of the T-metals.
In a diatom of gold, the two odd spin electrons will be found on one of the
two atoms but not both. Thus, a diatom of gold is made by a bond between an
aurous (Au+1) atom and an auride (Au-1) atom.
The present invention enables the breaking of the diatom bond by introducing a
more electro-positive element, such as sodium or any alkali or alkaline earth
elements, which does not have a d orbital overlap capability. This element
replaces the aurous (Au+1) forming, in this case, a sodium auride. In effect,
the sodium weakens the d orbital overlapping energies between the atoms of the
gold diatom as well as elevating a d orbital electron towards the s orbital,
thereby creating a negative potential on the surface of the atom. This
negative potential enables an interreaction of the s orbital with
chemiabsorbed water through electron donation and reception.
The sodium auride, when in aqueous solution at or near neutral pH, will form
sodium hydroxide and a monomeric water-soluble auride. The monomeric auride
(Au-1) is unstable and seeks a lower energy state which is represented by a
partial filling of the d and s orbital". This lower energy state with its
greater stability is achieved by the electron-donating and removing capability
of H2O.
Water can act to remove electrons. Water molecules possess a net charge and
attach to each other in vertical clusters so that an 18 molecule water cluster
can hold a cumulative potential of -2.50 V. The potential of a water
molecular cluster, at near neutral pH, is sufficient to remove an electron
from the d orbital and create a positive hole, enabling a pairing between
opposite spin electrons from the d to s orbitals to take place. The existence
of the electron pairing is confirmed by infrared analysis, illustrated in
FIGURE 4, which identities the vibrational and rotational motions caused by
energy exchange between these two mirror image electrons.
Attempting to quantify the number of electrons remaining in an ORME is
extremely difficult due to the electrons lost to oxidation, thermal treatment,
and the inability, except from theory, to quantify electron pairs using
electron quanta. It is established, however, that the ORME does not have
valence electrons available for standard spectroscopic analysis such as atomic
absorption, emission spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy.
Moreover, x-ray fluorescence or x-ray diffraction spectrometry will not
respond the same as they do with T-metals in standard analysis. The existence
of an ORME, while not directly identifiable by the aforesaid standard
analyses, can be characterized by infrared (IR) spectra by a doublet which
represents the bonding energy of the electron pairs within the ORME. The
doublet is located at approximately 1427 and 1490 cm-1 for a rhodium ORME.
The doublet for the other ORMEs is between about 1400 and 1600 cm-1.
After H2 reduction of the individual monoatom the hydrogen ion-single element
may or may not produce an IR doublet depending on the element's normal
electron configuration.
Elements normally containing an s1 T-metal configuration do not produce an IR
doublet after H2 reduction. Elements with an s2 T-metal configuration such as
Ir (d7s2) will produce a doublet.
Thermal annealing to 800C and subsequent cooling to ambient temperature under
He or Ar gas atmosphere to remove the chemically bound proton of hydrogen will
produce ORMEs which contain a two-level system resulting from electron pairing
within the individual atom. If this annealing is performed in the absence of
an external magnetic field, then the electron pairing produces the
characteristic doublets. The electron pair will be bound in the valence
orbitals of the atom. If the annealing is performed in the presence of an
external magnetic field, including the earth's magnetic field, quantum
electron pair movement can be produced and maintained in the range of one
gauss up to approximately 140 gauss in the case of Ir and, therefore, no IR
doublet will be detected in this resulting quantum state.
The limiting condition of the ORME state is defined according to the present
invention as an "S-ORME". The S-ORME is the lowest state in which monoatoms
can exist and is, therefore, the most stable form of T-metal elements. The
ORME is electronically rearranged and electron paired, but relative to
time has not reached the lowest total energy condition of the S-ORME.
Detection of doublets does not provide an analytical method for the
identification of ORMEs per se, but rather detects the presence of the
electron pair or pairs which all specifically prepared ORMEs possess and which
T-metals do not possess under any condition. It is the existence of the
doublet that is critical, not its exact location in the IR spectra. The
location can shift due to binding energy, chemical potential, of the
individual element in the ORME, the effect of adsorbed water, the variances of
the analytical instrument itself, or any external magnetic field.
FIGURE 4 is an IR spectrum of a rhodium ORME after argon annealing treatment,
and shows the presence of a doublet at 1429.53 cm-l and 1490.99 cm-1. An
iridium ORME after hydrogen treatment without annealing reveals a doublet at
1432.09 cm-l and 1495.17 cm-l.
These doublets are examples of the shifting that occurs depending on the
chemical binding energy or the individual ORME and the conditions of
preparation. Accordingly, the infrared spectra of the ORMEs of this invention
will have doublets within the range of 1400 cm-1 to 1600 cm-1. This doublet
is indicative of the electron pairing and subsequent two-level electronic
system which ORMEs contain.
A T-metal monoatom which is in a -1 oxidation state is in a lower energy state
than the same T-metal would be in at zero state with metal-metal bonding.
This lowering of the perturbation reaction between the electrons and the
nucleus of the monoatom because of the increased degrees of freedom allows the
nucleus to expand its positive field to encompass the normally unshielded d
and s valence electrons.
This overlying positive magnetic field reduces the Coulomb repulsion energies
that normally exist between the valence electrons. Pairing by those electrons
becomes possible and over time occurs. Electron pairing provides a more
stable and lower energy state for the monoatom.
The ORME state is achieved when the electron pairs have formed in the
monoatom. A phenomenon of electron pairs is that the interacting, spin-paired
electrons initially interreact by emitting phonon energy. The total energy of
the pair reduces over time until it reaches a minimum where no phonons are
emitted. This condition has been referred to by physicists as "adiabatic
ground state".
This state of electron pairing is a total lower energy state in much the same
way that chemical combinations of elements are in a lower energy state than
the constituent uncombined elements.
For example, in the same way that it takes energy to dissociate water into H2
and O2 it will take energy to break the electron pair.
As this process of phonon emission by electrons during pairing is a function
of temperature and time, thermal annealing can decrease the time required to
reach ground state, i.e., all valence electrons paired. The cooling side of
the annealing cycle is essential to effect a full conversion to an S-ORME
state. Cooling to room temperature is sufficient for all element ORMEs with
the exceptions of silver, copper, cobalt and nickel, which require a lower
temperature. Therefore, thermal annealing reduces the time dependency of the
electron pairs in achieving their lowest total energy.
All of the electron pairs in their lowest energy state, unlike single
electrons, can exist in the same quantum state. When that uniform quantum
state is achieved, the electron pair can not only move with zero resistance
around the monoatom, but also can move with zero resistance between identical
ORMEs that are within approximately 20 A or less of each other with no applied
voltage potential. When a macro system of high purity, single element ORME
achieves long-range quantum electron pair movement, that many-body system
according to the present invention is defined as an S-ORME system.
An S-ORME system does not possess a crystalline structure but the individual
ORMEs will, over time, space themselves as uniformly as possible in the
system. The application of a minimum external magnetic field will cause the
S-ORME system to respond by creating a protective external field ["Meissner
Field"] that will encompass all those S-ORMEs within the 20 A limit.
As used herein, "minimum external magnetic field" is defined as a magnetic
field which is below the critical magnetic field which causes the collapse of
the Meissner Field.
This field is generated by electron pair movement within the system as a
response to the minimum applied magnetic field. The (Ir) S-ORME and the (Au)
S-ORME systems have a minimum critical field (''Hc1'') that is below the
earth's magnetic field.
The minimum critical field for a (Rh) S-ORME is slightly above the earth's
magnetic field. When the quantum flux flow commences, due to the minimum
external magnetic field being applied, the doublet in the IR spectrum will
disappear because electron pairs are no longer bound in a fixed position on
the individual ORME monoatoms.
Once the externally applied field exceeds the level which overcomes the
protective Meissner Field of the S-ORME system ( "Hc2" ) , then any electrons
moving between individual ORME atoms will demonstrate an ac Josephson junction
type of response. The participating ORMEs will act as a very precise tuning
device for electromagnetic emissions emanating from free electrons between
ORMEs. The frequency of these emissions will be proportional to the applied
external magnetic field. A one microvolt external potential will produce
electromagnetic frequencies of 5x108 cycles per second. Annihilation
radiation frequencies (about 1020 cycles per second) will be the limiting
frequency of the possible emission.
The reverse physical process of adding specific frequencies can generate the
inverse relationship, i.e., a specific voltage will be produced for each
specific applied frequency.
ORMEs can be reconverted to their constituent T-metals, but, as noted, are not
identifiable as specific T-metals while in their ORME state. If a specific
ORME is formed from a specific T-metal by using the procedure of this
invention, it can only be confirmed by conventional analytical methods that
the specific ORME was formed by reconstituting it as the T-metal. Further,
the applications to which the ORMEs are directed will establish their
relationship to a specific T-metal by virtue of the manner in which the ORME
performs in that application as compared to the performance of commercially
available derivatives of the T-metal. An example is the performance of
commercial rhodium as a hydrogen-oxidation catalyst compared with the
performance of the rhodium ORME as used in a hydrogen-oxidation catalyst.
It is believed that physical and chemical distinctions exist with respect to
the different ORMEs, but presently such distinctions are not known. Proof of
the nature of a specific ORME according to this invention is based upon the
presence of a doublet in the IR spectrum, the reconstitution of each ORME back
to its constituent T-metal, and its unique performance in specific
applications compared to the constituent T-metal.
ORMEs are transformed into their original T-metal by means of a chemical
bonding with an electron-donating element, such as carbon, which is capable of
d orbital electron overlap and "spin flip". When the G-ORME is chemically
bonded to carbon in an aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol under a specific
potential, carbon monoxide is formed and the ORME forms Au+Au+, a black
precipitate, which under continued application of potential and dehydration
reduces to Au+1 Au-1, a metallic bonded diatom of gold. This invention
establishes that a high potential applied to the solution forces an electron
into the d orbital, thus eliminating the electron pair.
The first potential, which for G-ORME is approximately -2.2 V and for other
ORMEs is between -1.8 and -2.2 V, re-establishes the d orbital overlap. The
final potential of -2.5 V overcomes the water potential to deposit gold
onto the cathode.
ORMEs are single T-metal atoms With no d orbital overlap. ORMEs do not
conform to rules of physics which are generally applied to diatoms or larger
clusters of metals (e.g., with conduction bands). The physics of the electron
orbitals are actually more similar to those relating to a gas or solid
solution which require density evaluation between atoms at greater distances.
Conversely, atomic orbital calculations of high atomic density metals give
results that correspond to valence charge rearrangement.
When the atomic distances of the elements are increased beyond a critical
Coulomb distance, an energy gap exists between the occupied orbitals and the
unoccupied orbitals. The atom, therefore, is an insulator and not a metal.
Physicists when determining the electron band energies of small atom clusters
suggest that the occupation of the bands should be rearranged if the total
energy is to be minimized. The metallic electron orbital arrangement leads to
calculations for energies, which results are inconsistent since the energies
of the supposedly occupied states are higher than the supposedly unoccupied
states.
If this condition is relaxed and the bands allowed to repopulate in order to
further lower the total energy, both bands will become partially filled. This
repopulation, if performed in the presence of an unlimited source of electrons
(reducing conditions), will provide a total energy condition of the atom which
is considerably below or lower than the atom as it exists in a metallic form.
this lower energy is the result of orbital rearrangement of electrons in the
transition element. The resultant form of the element is an ORME.
SCOPE OF THE INVENTION
The formation and the existence of ORMEs applies to all transition and noble
metals of the Periodic Table and include cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, gold,
and the platinum group metals including platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium,
ruthenium and osmium, which can have various d and s orbital arrangements,
which are referred to as T-metals.
The T-metals, when subjected to conventional wet chemistry will disaggregate
through the various known levels, but not beyond a diatom state. The
conventional wet chemistry techniques if continued to be applied beyond the
normally expected disaggregation on level (diatom) in the presence of water
and an alkali metal, e.g., sodium, potassium or lithium, will first form a
diatom and then electron orbitally rearrange to the non-metallic, mono-atomic
form of the T-metal, ie., an ORME.
An ORME can be reaggregated to the T-metal form using conventional wet
chemistry techniques, by subjecting the ORME to a two-stage electrical
potential to "oxidize" the element to the metallic form.
The ORMEs of this invention exist in nature in an unpure form in various
materials, such as sodic plagioclase or calcidic plagioclase ores. Because of
their non-metallic, orbitally rearranged monoatomic form, ORMEs are not
detected in these ores as the corresponding "metals" using conventional
analysis and, accordingly, until the present invention were not detected,
isolated or separated in a pure or substantially pure form.
Their presence in the nonmetallic form explains the inconsistent analysis at
times obtained when analyzing ores for metals whereby the quantitative
analysis of elements accounts for less than 100% of the ore by weight.
USES OF ORMEs
ORMEs, which are individual atoms of the T-metals and by virtue of their
orbital rearrangement are able to exist in a stable and virtually pure form,
have different chemical and physical characteristics from their respective T-
metal. Their thermal and chemical stability, their nonmetal-like nature, and
their particulate size are characteristics rendering the ORMEs suitable for
many applications.
Rhodium and iridium S-ORMEs have been prepared which exhibit superconductivity
characteristics. These S-ORMEs, as described herein, are in a lower energy
state as compared to their respective T-metal, and thus have a lower absolute
temperature. The absolute temperature of an S-ORME system as compared to the
absolute temperature of its respective T-metal is significantly lower, similar
to the condition existing when a metal goes through a glass transition. S-
ORMEs, having a very low absolute temperature, are good superconductors.
These same characteristics apply to all ORMEs.
Accordingly, a new source of superconductive materials is made available by
this invention.
These new materials require substantially less energy removal to reach the
super-conductivity state and, therefore, can be used at higher temperatures
than currently available superconductors.
The ORMEs of this invention can be used for a wide range of purposes due to
their unique electrical, physical, magnetic, and chemical properties. The
present disclosure only highlights superconductivity and catalysis, but much
wider potential uses exist, including energy production.
Having described the invention in general terms, the presently preferred
embodiments will be set forth in reference to the drawing. In the drawing,
FIGURE 1 is a plot of the transition elements showing the principle quantum
number versus the atomic number;
FIGURE 2 is a diagrammatic sketch of an electrodeposition apparatus used in
forming the metallic gold from the G-ORME;
FIGURE 3 is a diagrammatic drawing of a separation apparatus utilized in
separating ORMEs from ores according to the present invention;
FIGURE 4 is a plot of an infrared spectrum derived from an analysis of a
rhodium ORME;
FIGURE 5 is the cycling magnetometry evaluation of iridium S-ORME
demonstrating the phenomena of negative magnetization and minimum
(Hc1) and maximum (Hc2) critical fields. In addition, the
Josephson effect is demonstrated by the compensating current flows
in response to the oscillations of the sample in a varying d.c.
magnetic field;
FIGURE 6 is a differential thermal analysis (DTA) of hydrogen reduced
iridium being annealed under helium atmosphere. The exothermic
reaction up to 400 C is due to hydrogen and/or water bond breaking
and the exothermic reaction commencing at 762 C is due to electron
pairing and subsequent phonon emissions leading to S-ORME system
development of the iridium ORME;
FIGURE 7 is a TGA of hydrogen reduced iridium monoatoms subjected to four
(4) annealing cycles in a He atmosphere. It plots the heating and
cooling time versus temperature. Comparison to Figure 6 shows an
initial weight loss due to hydrogen and possibly water bond
breaking. The significant demonstration is the scale-indicated
weight loss corresponding to the second exothermic reaction shown
in FIGURE 6: and
FIGURES 8-17 are weight/temperature plots of the alternate heating and
cooling over five cycles of an iridium S-ORME in an He atmosphere.
In the examples, parts are by weight unless otherwise expressly stated.
PREPARATION OF G-ORME
G-ORME was prepared from metallic gold as follows:
(1) 50 mg gold (99.99% pure) were dispersed in 200 ml aqua regia to
provide clusters of gold atoms.
(2) 60 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid were added to the dispersion and
the mixture was brought to boll, and continued boiling until the
volume was reduced to approximately 10-15 ml. 60 ml concentrated HCl
were added, and the sample brought to boil and checked for evolution
of NOCl fumes. The process was repeated until no further fumes
evolved, thus indicating that the nitric acid had been removed and the
gold had been converted completely to the gold chloride.
(3) The volume of the dispersion was reduced by careful heating until the
salt was just dry. "Just dry" as used herein means that all of the
liquid had been boiled off, but the solid residue had not been "baked"
or scorched.
(4) The just dry salts were again dispersed in aqua regia and steps (2)
and (3) were repeated. This treatment provides gold chloride clusters
of greater than 11 atoms.
(5) 150 ml 6M hydrochloric acid were added to the just dry salts and
boiled again to evaporate off the liquid to just dry salts. This step
was repeated four times. This procedure leads to a greater degree of
sub-division to provide smaller clusters of gold chloride. At the end
of this procedure an orangish-red salt of gold chloride is obtained.
The salt will analyze as substantially pure Au2Cl6.
(6) Sodium chloride is added in an amount whereby the sodium is present at
a ratio 20 moles sodium per mole of gold. The solution is then
diluted with deionized water to a volume of 400 ml. The presence of
the aqueous sodium chloride provides the salt Na2Au2Cl8. The presence
of water is essential to break apart the diatoms of gold.
(7) The aqueous sodium chloride solution is very gently boiled to a just
dry salt, and thereafter the salts were taken up alternatively in 200
ml deionized water and 300 ml 6M hydrochloric acid until no further
change in color is evidenced. The 6M hydrochloric acid is used in the
last treatment.
(8) After the last treatment with 6M hydrochloric acid, and subsequent
boildown, the just dry salt is diluted with 400 ml deionized water to
provide a monoatomic gold salt solution of NaAuCl2'XH2O. The pH is
approximately 1.0.
(9) The pH is adjusted very slowly with dilute sodium hydroxide solution,
while constantly stirring, until the pH of the solution remains
constant at 7.0 for a period of more than twelve hours. This
adjustment may take several days. Care must be taken not to exceed pH
7.0 during the neutralization.
(10) After the pH is stabilized at pH 7.0, the solution is gently boiled
down to 10 ml and 10 ml concentrated nitric acid is added to provide a
sodium-gold nitrate. As is apparent, the nitrate is an oxidizer and
removes the chloride. The product obtained should be white crystals.
If a black or brown precipitate forms, this is an indication that
there is still Na2Au2Cl8 present. If present, it is then necessary to
restart the process at step (1).
(11) If white crystals are obtained, the solution is boiled to obtain just
dry crystals. It is important not to overheat, i.e., bake.
(12) 5 ml concentrated nitric acid are added to the crystals and again
boiled to where the solution goes to just dry. Again it is essential
not to overheat or bake. Steps (11) and (12) provide a complete
conversion of the product to a sodium-gold nitrate. No chlorides
are present.
(13) 10 ml deionized water are added and again boiled to just dry salts.
This step is repeated once. This step eliminates any excess nitric
acid which may be present.
(14) Thereafter, the just dry material is diluted to 80 ml with deionized
water. The solution will have a pH of approximately 1. This step
causes the nitrate to dissociate to obtain NaAu in water with a small
amount of HNO3 remaining .
(15) The pH is adjusted very slowly with dilute sodium hydroxide to 7.0 +
0.2. This will eliminate all free acid, leaving only NaAu in water.
(16) The NaAu hydrolyzes with the water and dissociates to form HAu. The
product will be a white precipitate in water. The Au atoms have
water at the surface which creates a voluminous cotton-like product.
(17) The white precipitate is decanted off from any dark grey solids and
filtered through a 0.45 micron cellulose nitrate filter paper.
Any dark grey solids of sodium auride should be redissolved and again
processed starting at step (1).
(18) The filtered white precipitate on the filter paper is vacuum dried at
120C for two hours. The dry solid should be light grey in color which
is HAuXH2O and is easily removed from the filter paper.
(19) The monoatomic gold is placed in a porcelain ignition boat and
annealed at 300C under an inert gas to remove hydrogen and to form a
very chemically and thermally stable white gold monomer.
(20) After cooling, the ignited white gold can be cleaned of remaining
traces of sodium by digesting with dilute nitric acid for
approximately one hour.
(21) The insoluble white gold is filtered on 0.45 micron paper and vacuum
dried at 120C for two hours.
The white powder product obtained from the filtration and drying is pure G-
ORME. The G-ORME made according to this invention will exhibit the special
properties described in the "General Description" of this application,
including catalytic activity, special magnetic properties, resistance to
sintering at high temperatures, and resistance to aqua regia and cyanide
attack.
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