The principles of error correction outlined in Sec. 2 apply to the quantum setting as readily as to the classical setting. The main difference is that the physical system to be used for representing and processing information behaves quantum mechanically and the type of information is quantum. The question of how classical information can be protected in quantum systems is also interesting but will not be discussed here. We illustrate the principles of quantum error correction by considering quantum versions of the three examples of Sect. 1 and then add a uniquely quantum example with potentially practical applications in, for example, quantum dot technologies. For an explanation of the basic quantum information concepts and conventions, see [16].
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