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Capabilities of Liquid-State NMR

One of the main issues in liquid-state NMR QIP is the highly mixed initial state. The methods for extracting pseudopure states are not practical for more than $10$ (or so) nuclear spins. The problem is that for these methods, the pseudopure state signal decreases exponentially with the number of qubits prepared while the noise level is constant. This exponential loss limits the ability to explore and benchmark standard quantum algorithms even in the absence of noise. There are in fact ways in which liquid-state NMR can be usefully applied to many more qubits. The first and less practical is to use computational cooling for a (unrealistically) large number of spins to obtain less mixed initial states. Versions of this technique have been studied and used in NMR to increase signal to noise [39]. The second is to use the one-qubit model of quantum computation instead of trying to realize pseudopure states. For this purpose, liquid-state NMR is limited only by relaxation noise and pulse control errors, not by the number of qubits. Noise still limits the number of useful operations, but non-trivial physics simulations are believed to be possible with less than 100 qubits [40]. Remarkably, a one-qubit quantum computer can efficiently obtain a significant amount of information about the spectrum of a Hamiltonian that can be emulated on a quantum computer [37,41,42]. Consequently, although QIP with molecules in liquid state cannot realistically be used to implement standard quantum algorithms involving more than about $10$ qubits, its capabilities have the potential of exceeding the resource limitations of available classical computers for some applications.


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