Hubble Red Shift and Quantum Evolution
formerly Hubble Red Shift by Photon Decay
Michael Lewis
Table of ContentsThe quantum of action can appear in different distributions as conjugate pairs such as momentum*wavelength, energy*time, etc. Analogous to many other real world situations, specific quantities of fluids are marketed in differently shaped containers of the same volume measure. A liter of liquid are marketed in many differently shaped volumes. A hectare of land can be purchased in rectangles, squares, circles, triangles, or any simple closed loop. Labor is accounted in varying numbers of persons and an inversely proportional number of hours worked. The quantum of action is a natural constant with the dimensions of action, and we see it as a shape-shifter.
The 1899 discovery of the action quantum by Max Planck allowed the 1982 development by the
author of a Hubble Red Shift wave equation of this form:
The following two variations on that equation employ only two of many different forms of the action.
Exterior galaxies present emission lines of particular elements
in familiar patterns.
Yet spectra of different galaxies persistently appear at different wavelengths.
Two redshifted spectra from the Two Degree Field survey data by permission
of the Anglo-Australian Observatory. Described in
"Galaxy groups in the2dFGRS: the group-finding algorithm and
the 2PIGG catalogue" by V. R.Eke, et al, (the 2dFGRSTeam) Mon.Not.R.Astron.Soc. 348,866–878(2004)
A quantized wave equation is presented as a theoretical solution to the unsolved 19th century problem of the cause of the Hubble Red Shift.
Quantization of some aspect of energy had been conjectured by Max Planck in 1900. The solutions proposed here were not possible before 1926 when quantization was found to exist in light as an action quantum h, describable variously as a product of momentum and wavelength, or a ratio of energy to frequency. h gives each light-like wave a constant quantity of action. By 1926 however, conjecture that exponential wave decay might be the cause of Hubble Red Shift had been subsumed under wartime developments including the use of Doppler shift in both sonar and radar to determine target speeds. Interest in a changing wave function was precluded by further war and atomic energy until the Soviet launch of the orbital Sputnik Earth satellite in 1957. By then, the 1926 discovery that it is action - closely related to energy but not by itself exactly energy - that is quantized was well established and had led to many new discoveries. It was not until the Apollo manned expeditions to the Moon that the field really became clear for reconsideration. Primary points are:
While the action flows rapidly in each cycle back and forth between wavelength and momentum, the actual distinction between time and space has a limit - the Planck action constant. To that extent, the wave gradually loses track of the difference between the two domains and the action slowly diffuses from the domain in which it is densest to the other domain where the action density is lower. A difference exists between each wave and the preceding and following waves. Time ordering is strong, and time reversal theorems are inapplicable to the interstellar photon.
The evolution process is also equivalent to an internal redistribution of variables due to concentration of the action in the various domains such as energy, momentum, wavetime and wavelength. This means distant objects are hotter than they appear, a conclusion already known. Distant galaxies probably include many stars of the same temperature as our own sun, though they appear much cooler by the time their light reaches Earth. It will take time to estimate actual temperatures correctly; the distant universe is more energetic than it was assumed to be. Fortunately the correction should be linear, the true distances and temperatures of distant objects being estimable from the total shift and the shapes of spectra envelopes containing familiar elemental lines.Doppler shift, which was discovered in the 1860's by the eminent Austrian astronomer Charles Doppler, is not the correct explanation
for the cosmological red shift although Doppler shift certainly is very important in measuring relative radial velocities of objects at
the same or nearly the same distance. Doppler shift, for instance, can measure the relative velocities of stars in a distant edge-on galaxy cluster,
or the relative velocity of members of a cluster of galaxies but it cannot measure distance. Conversely the Hubble red shift can measure
the radial distance from Earth to the distant galaxy cluster or the relative velocity distribution in an edge-on galaxy, but cannot not the
relative radial velocity toward or away from Earth.
The fundamental points are that the photon does not commute ( qp-pq > 0 ), and that it a diffusion as well as a wave.
Thus (A) Doppler Shift is not Hubble Red Shift; (B) the Hubble Red Shift is not Doppler Shift; and (C) neither is false. In
the case of a red shifted object with internal relative motion such as an edge-on galaxy or small group of galaxies, a limit
to the possible certainty, or conversely to the necessary uncertainty, could be obtained from the product of distance
determined by Hubble Red Shift and relative velocity determined by Doppler Shift.
Quantization is a consequence of the Planck Action Quantum h, and appears in several proportional relations
between the canonical variables E and p (external to the action), and in the fundamental one-dimensional variables lambda, nu, tau, and f.
Except for phase and spin these completely describe the interstellar photon at all times. The decay or evolution constant introduced here,
[ 1 / ( h*c*c ) ], stabilizes diffusion throughout the life of the photon. The resulting equation appears to be necessary and sufficient
for an exponential evolution rate similar in magnitude in time and distance to that of the cosmological distance or Hubble red shift. Several
radioactive isotopes, which have half-lives commensurate with photon momentum half-life, suggest that the same statistical nature of the
universe is at work in both atomic nuclei and light-like waves. The problem of a medium is avoided: light-like waves are assumed to
exist in the topology of space and time. Adapting it to include a decay or evolution rate term would almost certainly have been
achieved by astronomers before 1920 had wars at that time not interrupted almost
all work except that which contributed to the allied war effort. A tentative
abstract form would include the two constants h and c, and perhaps something
which is related to the current values of the variables of wavelength,
frequency, momentum, wavenumber, wavetime and energy. These are fortunately
all simply related and interdependent so that it will be necessary to specify
only one of the six.
The product of wavelength and momentum is well described by the action quantum h
so it is not necessary to specify the two variables p and lambda in order to obtain an evolution constant. Yet the multidimensional
h itself is not so obviously definable far away from Earth. Wavelength is readily observed in the laboratory and certainly exists in distant
space, and the momentum p is at least only one step removed from a knowledge of the speed of light, c, and the energy E. Secular
mathematics thus tends to avoid h in favor of the more directly observable wavelength and momentum.
The wave equation is a member of a class of first order partial differential
equations which have been extensively used in describing wave phenomena for many
decades.
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Class
Symbol
Meaning
Value
Dimensions
Constant
c
speed of light
299792458
meters/second
Constant
h
action quantum
6.626E-34
Joule-second
External
E
Energy
variable
Joules
External
p
momentum
variable
Kg-meter/second
Intrinsic
lambda
wavelength
variable
meter
Intrinsic
nu
wavenumber
variable
meter^-1
Intrinsic
tau
wavetime
variable
seconds
Intrinsic
f
frequency
variable
Hertz
Copyright March 2000@Michael Lewis.
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