Index:
ba be bi bo bu by ca ce ci co cu fa fe fi fo fu fy ga ge gi go gu gw ja je ji jo ju ka ke ki ko ku kw ky la le li lu pa pe pi po pu pw py ta te ti to tu tw va ve vi vo vu xa xe xi xo xu xw za ze zi zu
babikaw - granddaughter. [Etym: child's daughter + kinship] [index]
bace - snow(fall). [Etym: white + natural phenomenon] [index]
bafya - snow. [Etym: white + natural substance] [index]
bagweku - primary, main, chief, foremost, first in importance, rank, or value. [Etym: one + N-ary + numeric] [index]
bakaw - child, offspring. [Etym: child + kinship] Note that bakaw cannot be used to represent the sense of 'youth'. See voxe. [index]
baki - present-inceptive disjunct. [Etym: inceptive + present tense] This is the present-inceptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
bakoy - parenthetical expression starter. [Etym: inceptive + particle] Bakoy is used along with either the complete parenthetical expression stop conkoy or the incomplete stop jukoy. If the expression is a list with more than one item, the conjunction penpye should appear between items. [index]
baku - one, single. [Etym: one + numeric] [index]
bakuson - once, one time, on one occasion. [index]
bakusumo - specific, particular, individual, select, express, one specific or particular. Kade twe ponko tunfa twinti bakusumo to = Will you want a specific vehicle? You can also add other numbers to "kusumo": Ki ponko fa ti gikusumo to = I want three specific cars. [index]
bapinku - each, every. [Etym: one + group + numeric] [index]
bapo - necessity modal disjunct. [Etym: necessity + deontic modal] This is the necessity modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
bapode - interrogative necessity modal disjunct. See bapo. [index]
bapya - past-inceptive disjunct. [Etym: inceptive + past tense] This is the past-inceptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
batoy - white. [Etym: white + color] [index]
batwe - future-inceptive disjunct. [Etym: inceptive + future tense] This is the future-inceptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
bavanku - single, one of a kind. [Etym: one + N-tuple + numeric] [index]
baxoy - tenseless-inceptive disjunct. [Etym: inceptive + unspecified tense] This is the tenseless-inceptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
baxoydan - start (up), begin, initiate, cause an event to start. [index]
baxoydun - start (up), begin, commence, start happening. [index]
bazayku - first. [Etym: one + ordinal + numeric] [index]
beka - inevitability modal disjunct. [Etym: inevitability + epistemic modal] This is the inevitability modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
bekade - interrogative inevitability modal disjunct. See beka. [index]
bibace - blizzard, whiteout, severe snowstorm. [Etym: maximal polarity + snowfall] [index]
bibapo - maximal necessity modal disjunct. [Etym: maximal polarity + necessity + deontic modal] See bapo. [index]
bibapodomo - essential, indispensable, vital, exigent. [index]
bibapomo - destitute, down-and-out, in extreme need. [index]
bibeka - maximal inevitability modal disjunct. [Etym: maximal polarity + inevitability + epistemic modal] See beka. [index]
bibekadomi - destiny, fate, lot, fortune, that which is inevitable. [index]
bibekadomo - inevitable, unavoidable, pre-ordained, ineluctable. [index]
bibekama - presume, assume, take for granted, accept as inevitable. [index]
bibopwe - whale. [Etym: maximal polarity + water/liquid/clean/translucent + mammal] [index]
bicenpe - scorching, torrid, extremely hot. [Etym: maximal polarity + hot] [index]
biconpo - maximal consequentiality modal disjunct. [Etym: maximal polarity + consequentiality + deontic modal] See conpo. [index]
biconpodomo - imperative, critical, crucial, vital, of the utmost urgency. Note that we can also use the P/F-s form with two arguments: TBD. [index]
biconpoma - be imperative for P to F, be of the utmost urgency for P to F. See biconpodomo. [index]
bigaka - maximal hedge modal disjunct. [Etym: maximal polarity + hedge + epistemic modal] See gaka. [index]
bigweka - maximal significance modal disjunct. [Etym: maximal polarity + significance + epistemic modal] See gweka. [index]
bijoka - maximal acceptability modal disjunct. [Etym: maximal polarity + acceptability + epistemic modal] See joka. [index]
bika - maximal probability modal disjunct. [Etym: maximal polarity + epistemic modal] See ka. [index]
bikada - persuade, convince, win over, cause someone to come to believe something. Zupya bikada fa cencanxe tu lucinpa xadase fa cenkwa tu confu = I just persuaded the hotel chef to give me the recipe for the stew. [index]
bikadi - decide, resolve, make up one's mind, conclude, convince oneself. [index]
Bikado - Yes, That's correct. Bikado is a complete sentence and takes no arguments. In reply to a statement, it indicates that the statement is true. In reply to a question, it indicates that bika should have appeared in place of the question disjunct (typically kade). [index]
bikadome - truly, definitely, really, absolutely, positively, indeed. [index]
bikadomi - truth, accepted fact, that which is believed to be true. [index]
bikadomo - true, veritable. [index]
bikama - believe, be convinced that/of, take as true (that). Tinca tinxe kedume vobonpa toman bikama tinhi bonkwema tinhi = The mechanic went to the doctor's office because he believed that he was sick. [index]
bikami - believer, one who accepts as true. [index]
bikasomi - belief, tenet, something believed to be true. [index]
bikasu - realize, be aware that, understand. [index]
bikasumu - credulous (about), gullible, trusting, easily taken in, inclined to believe. [index]
bikaw - daughter, female child. [Etym: female child + kinship] [index]
bikonpa - university. [Etym: maximal polarity + school] See also gekonpa. [index]
bikonpu - encyclopedia. [Etym: maximal polarity + knowledge/wisdom + book] Juka tankyu Lajonxe bikonpu co toman caw jonhi xe bonco zukoy tunke lipyonxe = John didn't lift the big encyclopedia because he was the least strong person among the technicians. [index]
bikoy - most, comparative modifier. [Etym: maximal polarity + particle] Tawnca lixe pinkay bikoy ke taw xa lixe pinco bikoy = The poorest people camped on the wealthiest people's land. See also tunpye. [index]
biku - all, every. [Etym: maximal polarity + numeric] [index]
bikumi - everything, all things. Ki kyusi Lajonxe bikumi cinke pa tomande = Why is John doing everything in the house? [index]
bikuson - always, all the time, constantly, invariably. [index]
bikyo - right now, immediately, at this very moment. [Etym: maximal polarity + now] [index]
bipo - maximal obligation modal disjunct. [Etym: maximal polarity + deontic modal] See po. [index]
bipodi - take on the obligation for. [index]
bipodomi - duty, obligation. [index]
bipodomo - mandatory, compulsory, obligatory. [index]
bipodwema - be mandatory/obligatory/compulsory for. This is just the inverse of bipoma. [index]
bipoma - obligated, mandatory/obligatory/compulsory for P to F. Note that bipoma is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
biposa - require, oblige, to give someone an obligation to do something. [index]
biposi - feel obligated to. [index]
bitaw - continent, landmass. [Etym: maximal polarity + natural location] [index]
bitaynka - maximal evidentiality modal disjunct. [Etym: maximal polarity + evidentiality + epistemic modal] See taynka. [index]
bitaynkada - convince, persuade, show, cause someone to become certain/sure/confident that/about. [index]
bitaynkadi - conclude, come to the conclusion (that/about), come to be certain, confident, or sure (that/about). [index]
bitaynkadidomi - conclusion, deduction, inference, verdict, determination, judgment, something that one has become certain or sure of. [index]
bitaynkadidomo - conclusive, what one has determined is certain or sure. [index]
bitaynkadomo - obvious, evident, manifest, patent, clear, certain, definite, plain, unmistakable. [index]
bitaynkamo - confident, sure, certain. [index]
bitaynkasu - obvious (to), evident (to), clear (to). Note that bitaynkasu is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
bitaynkasudwe - obvious (to), evident (to), clear (to). Note that bitaynkasudwe is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
bitenfay - paragraph, logical or functional group of sentences. [Etym: maximal polarity + word] [index]
bito - so (much), maximally, utterly, as much as possible, totally, absolutely, such, really, to the greatest degree possible, etc. [Etym: maximal polarity + true generic root] For scalar states, bi- can be applied directly to the scalar root: TBD. For English adverbs, adjectives, and adjectival verbs, the result is best translated using "as X as possible": TBD. [index]
bitomo - maximum/maximal, utmost, greatest, highest, uppermost, ultra. [index]
bixenxay - brilliant [extremely intelligent], genius. [Etym: maximal polarity + intelligent] [index]
bixontumo - identical, maximally similar. [Etym: maximal polarity + similar] [index]
bizafu - pizza (pie). [Etym: sound-alike for "pizza" + food item] Tayntuma fu bizafu to gapye funtuse lubonfu = The food looked like a pizza but tasted like bread. [index]
bizayku - final, last, highest in a sequence. [Etym: maximal polarity + ordinal + numeric] [index]
boca - drink. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + activity] [index]
bocay - water, H2O. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + element or compound] [index]
boce - rain(fall), precipitation of water from the sky. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + natural phenomenon] [index]
boci - bathroom, wash room, water closet. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + room] Juka ki zayko Lajonxe boci toman tanfo tanfyu = John doesn't like the bathroom because of the low ceiling. [index]
boco - wet, damp, moist, humid, muggy, dank, sticky, having atypically high moisture or water. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + scalar non-relational state] Ki jutuma jutanfo boco xi bopyo cinke jeci = This wet floor has nothing to do with the washing machine in the hallway. [index]
bocodan - wet (verb), moisten, dampen, humidify. [index]
bocoy - bladder, vesicle, sac, plant or animal organ that holds liquid. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + organ] [index]
bocwa - crocodile, alligator, caiman, gharial. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + reptile] Bocwa includes all members of Order Crocodilia, including alligators, caimans, and gharials. [index]
bocwi - hydropower. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + energy] [index]
bofayu - jellyfish. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + other animal] Bofayu includes all members of phylum Coelenterata, class Scyphozoa. [index]
bofe - canal, waterway, watercourse. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + infrastructure] Ki fyonko licenxe tanpema bocay cinkemu bofe kyo-kyamay = The firemen are grateful that the water in the canal was high today. [index]
bofwa - soup, potage, hot liquid or semi-liquid food. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + processed food substance] [index]
bofwi - drool, drivel, drip saliva from the mouth. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + involuntary act] [index]
bokay - dry, arid, having atypically low moisture or water. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + antonym scalar non-relational state] [index]
bonco - strong, powerful, mighty, having great physical strength. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + scalar non-relational state] Juka tankyu Lajonxe bikonpu co toman caw jonhi xe bonco zukoy tunke lipyonxe = John didn't lift the big encyclopedia because he was the least strong person among the technicians. Bonco implies physical strength (although it can certainly be used metaphorically). For the more abstract sense of 'having power', see TBD. [index]
boncu - in working order, working, functional/functioning, operational. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + binary non-relational state] Ki cuma jutomi boncu cinke tinci = There's nothing in working order in the garage. See also boncuma. [index]
boncudan - fix, repair, mend, make functional/operational, put into working order. [index]
boncudya - test, check (out), determine if focus is functional or in working order. [index]
boncuma - work, function, be in working order, be functional or operational. See also boncu. [index]
bonfaw - broken, dysfunctional, out of order, in disrepair, not in working order. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + opposite binary non-relational state] Fyo zefa litantenpyo bonfaw toswa tunkumi boncu to = We exchanged the broken radios for two in working order. [index]
bonfawdan - break, disable, put out of order, inactivate, incapacitate, cripple, ruin, cause to become broken or dysfunctional. Bonfawdanso panfo fenkemu fe tunkyo = The fence along the road was broken earlier. See also bonfaw. [index]
bonfu - bread (loaf). [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + food item] Tayntuma fu bizafu to gapye funtuse lubonfu = The food looked like a pizza but tasted like bread. Note that "bonfu" is a count noun, NOT a mass noun. Use "bonfusyu" for the mass noun; i.e., to refer specifically to the substance rather than to the whole loaf. [index]
bonkay - weak, feeble, lacking strength. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + antonym scalar non-relational state] Kade koso bonkayma tanfo xa conci = Was it known that the auditorium's ceiling was weak? [index]
bonkwe - sick, ill, unhealthy, ailing, unwell, not healthy. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + opposite living entity attribute] Tinca tinxe kedume vobonpa toman bikama tinhi bonkwema tinhi = The mechanic went to the doctor's office because he believed that he was sick. [index]
bonpa - clinic [medical]. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + building/business/site] [index]
bonpoy - medicine, the field/study/practice of medicine. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + profession/activity] Po ki zaypoyma tenpoy gapye bipo poyma bonpoy = Linguistics can be a hobby but medicine has to be a profession. [index]
bontu - ready (for/to), fit, prepared. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + other scalar relational state] Twe bontuma lizukaw foy pinfyose litwintea kyo-kyamay = My brothers will be ready to sell the furniture today. Keep in mind that bontu is an open adjective. For the closed adjective, use bontumo. [index]
bontuda - prepare (to/for), make/get ready/fit. [index]
bontudi - get (oneself) ready (to/for), prepare (oneself), ready oneself. [index]
bontume - in case (of), in the eventuality of/that. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + other scalar relational state] [index]
bonxay - healthy, well, in good health. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + living entity attribute] [index]
bonxaydan - heal, cure, restore to health. [index]
bonxe - doctor, physician, MD. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + group member] [index]
bopaw - pufferfish, blowfish, balloonfish, globefish, swellfish. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + fish] Bopaw includes all members of family Tetraodontidae. [index]
bopay - sour gum, black gum, tupelo. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + tree] Bopay includes all members of family Nyssaceae. [index]
bopoy - plumbing, the field/study/practice of plumbing. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + profession/activity] [index]
bopwe - walrus. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + mammal] Bopwe includes all members of family Odobenidae. [index]
bopyo - washer/washing machine. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + other device] Ki jutuma jutanfo boco xi bopyo cinke jeci = This wet floor has nothing to do with the washing machine in the hallway. [index]
bota - duck. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + bird] Bota includes all members of the duck tribes of family Anatidae (tribes Anatini, Cairinini, Aythyini, Mergini, and Oxyurini). [index]
botaw - lake, natural, completely enclosed body of fresh water. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + natural location] [index]
botawntaw - shore(line), coast(line), strand, waterfront. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + land + natural location] Kade ki cuma ki poynkema panfo botawntaw = Is it true that the fence is parallel to the shore? [index]
boti - boat, ship. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + vehicle] [index]
botye - mosquito. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + insect] Botye includes all members of family Culicidae. [index]
botyo - drop, droplet. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + inorganic natural thing] [index]
botyu - undine, water spirit. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + spirit] [index]
boxaw - bucket, pail. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + container/conduit] [index]
boxe - plumber. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + group member] [index]
boxu - tears, teardrops. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + plant/animal substance] [index]
boxunpi - navy, naval forces. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + military] [index]
boxwe - rainy season, monsoon. [Etym: water/liquid/clean/translucent + time period] [index]
bukaw - son, male child. [Etym: male child + kinship] [index]
byuku - nine. [Etym: nine + numeric] [index]
ca - work, labor. [Etym: "-ca" is the 'activity' classifier] [index]
canpi - union, labor union, trade union. [Etym: work/labor/project + group/organization] Kade zupya xada tanpi canpi pinkwa jupinkomo to = Did the airline just give the labor union a generous contract? [index]
canpwe - canine, member of family Canidae. [Etym: abbreviation of Canidae + mammal] Note that canpwe is a noun, NOT an adjective. Use canpwemo for the adjective. [index]
cantea - table, bench, stand. [Etym: work/labor/project + furniture] [index]
canti - truck, lorry, large motor vehicle used for carrying goods. [Etym: work/labor/project + vehicle] Luyejuka cinkedamoy kontea canti today fa = Please don't put the desk in the truck without me. [index]
cantwi - employee, hireling, jobholder, worker, laborer. [Etym: work/labor/project + social/political/business relation] See also jucantwimo. [index]
cantwima - work for, have a job or employment with, be an employee of. [Etym: work/labor/project + social/political/business relation] Note that we can also use the AP/F-s form cantwisi if we need a stronger agentive sense; i.e., the subject keeps himself employed. [index]
canxo - task, job, chore, mission, assignment. [Etym: work/labor/project + complete performance] Kade kyusi tunfa licanxo xa ponte fa tunfa kyusise canhi = Did you do the tasks that I asked you to do? [index]
caw - be, be equal to, be the same as. [Etym: "-caw" is the 'other binary relational state' classifier] [index]
cawdu - become, get (to be), come (to be), turn into, change into. [index]
cawdume - into, to, becoming, changing into or becoming something else. This case tag indicates a final state of a patient, as in "I bored the crowd into a stupor" or "I wished the poor family into wealth". Aside from examples such as these, "cawdume" is not likely to be very useful, since any state (including nouns) can undergo an A/P-d or P-d derivation, where the root becomes the focus: TBD [index]
cawme - as, for. [index]
cawmo - same, equal. [index]
cawnto - only, just, merely, simply, solely, exclusively, purely, nothing but. [Etym: just/only + true generic root] Ki ponko cawnto fa tayse panpwe tunku = I only want to see the two cats. Ki ponko fa tayse panpwe tunku cawnto = I want to see the only two cats. Keep in mind that cawnto is a previous word modifier. Use cawntomo if an adjective is needed: Ki ponko fa tayse panpwe tunku cawntomo = I want to see only the two cats. [index]
cayu - from now on, present+future-perfective disjunct. [Etym: "-cayu" is the 'present-plus-future tense' classifier] This is the present+future-perfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
cayudoyme - since then, from then on, from that moment on. See cayume. [index]
cayume - since, effective (as of), starting. [index]
ce - fire, blaze. [Etym: "-ce" is the 'natural phenomenon' classifier] [index]
cenca - cook, prepare food using heat. [Etym: yellow/fire/danger/fear + activity] [index]
cencanxe - chef, cook. [Etym: cook + group member] Ka ki ko cencanxe cenkwa xa confu xi = The chef may know about this stew's recipe. [index]
cenci - kitchen, room where food is cooked or prepared. [Etym: yellow/fire/danger/fear + room] [index]
cenfyu - cold, of relatively low temperature. [Etym: yellow/fire/danger/fear + antonym measurable scalar non-relational state] [index]
cenko - afraid (of), scared, frightened, fearful, fear-struck. [Etym: yellow/fire/danger/fear + mental state] Note that cenko is a verb, not an adjective! Use cenkomo for the adjective. [index]
cenkwa - recipe, cooking instructions. [Etym: yellow/fire/danger/fear + protocol] Ka ki ko cencanxe cenkwa xa confu xi = The chef may know about this stew's recipe. [index]
cenkwi - thermometer, temperature indicator. [Etym: yellow/fire/danger/fear + tool/instrument] [index]
cenpe - hot, of relatively high temperature. [Etym: yellow/fire/danger/fear + measurable scalar non-relational state] Cenpema vokoy pantaw tunpye fentaw = The island was less hot than the peninsula. [index]
cenpoy - fire fighting, the field/study/practice of fire fighting. [Etym: yellow/fire/danger/fear + profession/activity] Ki tentuma tunfa zayko gekoy tunfa cenpoy tunpye konpoy = You sound like you liked fire fighting more than teaching. [index]
cenpyo - stove, range, appliance used for cooking food. [Etym: yellow/fire/danger/fear + other device] [index]
centi - firetruck, fire engine. [Etym: yellow/fire/danger/fear + vehicle] [index]
centoy - yellow. [Etym: yellow/fire/danger/fear + color] Tay fa jutomi centoy ke tinfe = I saw nothing yellow in the parking lot. [index]
cenxe - fireman, fire fighter. [Etym: yellow/fire/danger/fear + group member] [index]
cenxu - urine. [Etym: yellow/fire/danger/fear + plant/animal substance] [index]
ci - room, functional, enclosed, section of a building. [Etym: "-ci" is the 'room' classifier] [index]
cinfo - wall. [Etym: room/enclose/inside + other artificial item] Luyejuka toyncadanmoy licinfo cinkemu ci xa ki xasu cihi cenpyo = Please don't paint the walls in the room that has the stove. [index]
cinke - in, inside (of), within, within the boundaries of. [Etym: room/enclose/inside + relational locative] Luyejuka toyncadanmoy licinfo cinkemu ci xa ki xasu cihi cenpyo = Please don't paint the walls in the room that has the stove. [index]
cinko - remember, recall, have in one's memory. [Etym: room/enclose/inside + mental state] Ki cinko bonxe tinxo gapye ponkose tentayse tenxo tunfoy = The doctor remembers the trip but wants to hear your account. [index]
cinkoda - remind (about), cause to remember/recall. [index]
cinpa - hotel, inn, hospice, roadhouse. [Etym: room/enclose/inside + building/business/site] Kesimoy cinpa xi toman ki pinfyuma cinhi = Stay at this hotel because it's inexpensive. [index]
cintaw - cave/cavern, grotto. [Etym: room/enclose/inside + natural location] [index]
cinxwa - outside (of), out (of), not inside. [Etym: room/enclose/inside + antonym of relational locative] [index]
co - big, large, having great size. [Etym: "-co" is the 'other scalar non-relational state' classifier] [index]
concaw - result (in), produce, lead to, bring forth, yield, have as a result/product/outcome. [Etym: complete/result/consequence + binary relational state] [index]
concawme - that, such that, producing, leading to, bringing forth, the result/outcome being. [Etym: see concaw] [index]
conci - auditorium, hall, typically a large room used for public indoor events. [Etym: big + room] [index]
concu - whole, complete, entire, total, intact, undiminished. [Etym: complete/result/consequence + binary non-relational state] [index]
confa - we/us, we/us here but not others. [Etym: four + personal pronoun] This is the inclusive first person pronoun and refers to the speaker plus any listeners, but not to others. [index]
confaw - incomplete, partial, deficient, lacking, wanting, short. [Etym: complete/result/consequence + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
confoy - our, both my and your but not of others. [Etym: four + personal possessive adjective] This is the inclusive first person genitive adjective and refers to the speaker plus any listeners, but not to others. [index]
confu - stew, chowder, goulash, ragout, mulligan. [Etym: complete/result/consequence + food item] Zupya bikada fa cencanxe tu lucinpa xadase fa cenkwa tu confu = I just persuaded the hotel chef to give me the recipe for the stew. [index]
conki - present-completive disjunct. [Etym: completive + present tense] This is the present-completive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
conko - understand, comprehend, grasp, fathom, follow. [Etym: complete/result/consequence + know] The word ko implies only knowledge of the fact. Conko implies both knowledge of the fact plus knowledge of the meaning, importance, or nature of the fact; i.e., a "complete" kind of knowledge. [index]
conkoy - complete parenthetical expression stop. [Etym: completive + particle] See bakoy. [index]
conku - four. [Etym: four + numeric] [index]
conkwema - shrink, shrivel, emaciate, wizen, wither. [Etym: big + opposite living entity attribute] [index]
conkyo - earlier (in the indicated time period). [Etym: four + temporal deictic] Conkyo never appears alone. It must always be followed by a time-measure previous-word modifier and will represent a time before the current time but within the indicated time period. See also vukyo. [index]
conpo - consequentiality modal disjunct. [Etym: consequentiality + deontic modal] This is the consequentiality modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
conpode - interrogative consequentiality modal disjunct. See conpo. [index]
conpwe - bear [carnivore]. [Etym: big + mammal] Conpwe includes all members of family Ursidae. [index]
conpya - past-completive disjunct. [Etym: completive + past tense] This is the past-completive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
contea - sofa, couch, settee, lounge. [Etym: big + chair] Ki fenpesu contea cinkemu geci foy fenkya giku to = The sofa in my apartment is three meters long. [index]
conti - bus [vehicle]. [Etym: big + vehicle] Cuma conti juku to ke continpa = There were no buses at the bus station. [index]
continpa - bus station/depot. [Etym: bus + building/business/site] [index]
contwe - future-completive disjunct. [Etym: completive + future tense] This is the future-completive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
conxayma - grow (up), develop, mature, ripen, wax. [Etym: big + living entity attribute] [index]
conxi - this/that. [Etym: four + demonstrative adjective] Conxi can refer to something near the speaker or near the listener or both. It has no real English equivalent. [index]
conxoy - tenseless-completive disjunct. [Etym: completive + unspecified tense] This is the tenseless-completive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
conxoydan - finish, end, bring to an end. [index]
conxoydun - come to an ending/finishing point, end, finish. [index]
cu - actual, existent, real. [Etym: "-cu" is the 'other binary non-relational state' classifier] [index]
cudadoy - carry out, implement, put into effect/practice, translate into action, bring off, carry off, pull off, bring to pass, accomplish. See also kyusi. [index]
cudan - cause, make, produce, implement, have, let's, cause to become a reality. Cudan taynxo taynkwedun fa = The movie made me fall asleep. If imperative cudanmoy is used and the subject of the embedded clause is the 1+2 personal pronoun confa, then it is equivalent to English "let's": TBD [index]
cudun - happen, come about/come to be, become a reality. [index]
cuma - there is/are/etc, it is/are/etc, exist, actually, really, in reality, ..., be real or actual or true. Cuma indicates that the patient entity exists or that the patient situation is real. Cuma xe giku cinke ti = The three people were in the car. Cuma xe giku to cinke ti = There were three people in the car. Kade ki cuma ki poynkema panfo botawntaw = Is it true that the fence is parallel to the shore? Ka ki cuma pantaw faw xa Lajonxe = John's imaginary island may exist. [index]
cunkwa - design, plan, layout, procedure, program. [Etym: reality/build/engineer + protocol] [index]
cunkyu - build, construct, fabricate, erect, make. [Etym: reality/build/engineer + other action] [index]
cunpoy - engineering, the field/study/practice of engineering. [Etym: reality/build/engineer + profession/activity] [index]
cunxe - engineer. [Etym: reality/build/engineer + group member] [index]
cusan - ensure, make sure (of/that), guarantee. [index]
fa - I/me. [Etym: "-fa" is the 'personal pronoun' classifier] This is the first person pronoun and always refers to the speaker. [index]
faw - imaginary, nonexistent, fictitious, not real or actual. [Etym: "-faw" is the 'opposite other binary non-relational state' classifier] [index]
fawnka - counterfactuality modal disjunct. [Etym: counterfactuality + epistemic modal] This is the counterfactuality modal disjunct. See the chapter on Conditional Clauses in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
fawnkade - interrogative counterfactuality modal disjunct. See fawnka. [index]
fawnkadomo - hypothetical, speculative, conjectural, conditional. [index]
fawnpunxo - novel, book-length fictional story. [Etym: imaginary/hypothetical + book + complete performance] [index]
fawsan - prevent, bar, keep from, avert, stave off, preclude. [index]
fe - road(way), carriageway, thoroughfare. [Etym: "-fe" is the 'infrastructure' classifier] [index]
fea - past-plus-present-perfective disjunct. [Etym: "-fea" is the 'past-plus-present tense' classifier] This is the past-plus-present-perfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
feama - go on until, take place until, occur until, happen until, last until. [index]
feame - until, till, to, up to (the time of), by, not later than. [index]
fenbotaw - river. [Etym: road/long(spatial) + water/liquid/clean/translucent + natural location] [index]
fenbotawnpwe - hippopotamus. [Etym: river + mammal] Fenbotawnpwe includes all members of family Hippopotamidae. [index]
fenke - along (the length of). [Etym: road/long(spatial) + relational locative] Bonfawdanso panfo fenkemu fe tunkyo = The fence along the road was broken earlier. [index]
fenkya - meter [unit of measurement]. [Etym: road/long(spatial) + measure] Ki fenpesu jeci jekemu teanci pye funci fenkya conku to = The hallway between the living room and the dining room is four meters long. Ponko fa fenpedase ci fenkya jaku to = I wanted to make the room six meters long. [index]
fenpa - railroad station/depot, train station/depot. [Etym: train + building/business/site] [index]
fenpe - long [spatial], lengthy. [Etym: road/long(spatial) + measurable scalar non-relational state] Kade ki tay tunfa panfo fenpe gixi = Do you see that long fence? Ki fenpesu jeci jekemu teanci pye funci fenkya conku to = The hallway between the living room and the dining room is four meters long. [index]
fentaw - peninsula, cape, promontory, headland. [Etym: road/long(spatial) + natural location] Ki tawncoma fentaw pye ponko xe geku to tawnfedanse fenhi = The peninsula is pristine and a lot of people want to change it into a nature preserve. [index]
fenti - train, railroad train. [Etym: road/long(spatial) + vehicle] [index]
fenxu - hair, fur, fleece. [Etym: road/long(spatial) + plant/animal substance] [index]
finku - eight. [Etym: eight + numeric] Kade cuma funxo poynku to tomun xe finku gekoy to = Were there enough meals for more than eight people? [index]
fintoy - green. [Etym: green + color] [index]
fonfe - bridge, viaduct, span. [Etym: connector/separator + infrastructure] [index]
fonfu - sandwich, grinder, hoagy. [Etym: connector/separator + food item] [index]
fonke - across, crossing, extending from one side to the other. [Etym: connector/separator + relational locative] Do not confuse this sense of 'across' with the sense 'on the opposite side of'. See TBD for this sense. See also xunke. [index]
fonkema - cross, traverse, pass over or across, extend across. Ki fonkema fe xi pantaw = This road crosses the island. [index]
fonko - sympathize with, empathize with, relate to emotionally. [Etym: connector/separator + mental state] [index]
fontwi - agent, representative, spokesman, broker. [Etym: connector/separator + social/political/business relation] [index]
foy - my. [Etym: "-foy" is the 'personal possessive adjective' classifier] This is the first person genitive adjective and always refers to the speaker. [index]
fu - food, fare, victual, comestible, edible, item that can be eaten. [Etym: "-fu" is the 'food item' classifier] Note that "fu" is a count noun in Latenkwa even though it is a mass noun in English. Thus, "fu" literally means 'food item'. However, we will often translate it as 'food' if the result sounds more natural. This will also apply to many other roots that have the classifier "-fu". [index]
funca - eat, ingest. [Etym: food/eat/stomach/farming + activity] [index]
funci - dining room, lunchroom, mess, eating room. [Etym: food/eat/stomach/farming + room] [index]
funco - tasty, savory, good-tasting, toothsome, palatable. [Etym: food/eat/stomach/farming + scalar non-relational state] [index]
funcu - edible, eatable, fit for consumption. [Etym: food/eat/stomach/farming + binary non-relational state] [index]
funfaw - inedible, uneatable, not fit for consumption. [Etym: food/eat/stomach/farming + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
funkay - foul-tasting, unpalatable, unsavory, unappetizing. [Etym: food/eat/stomach/farming + antonym scalar non-relational state] [index]
funkwi - spoon. [Etym: food/eat/stomach/farming + tool/instrument] [index]
funkyu - swallow, gulp (down), bolt (down), gobble, ingurgitate. [Etym: food/eat/stomach/farming + other action] [index]
funpa - restaurant, eating house, eatery, a place of business where cooked food can be bought and eaten. [Etym: food/eat/stomach/farming + building/business/site] [index]
funpoy - farming, raising crops, the field/study/practice of farming. [Etym: food/eat/stomach/farming + profession/activity] [index]
funtay - hungry. [Etym: food/eat/stomach/farming + physical relationship] Note that funtay is a P/F-s verb. Use funtaymo for the adjective. [index]
funtuma - taste like/of, have the flavor of. [Etym: food/eat/stomach/farming + other scalar relational state] Tayntuma fu bizafu to gapye funtuse lubonfu = The food looked like a pizza but tasted like bread. [index]
funxe - farmer, grower of food crops. [Etym: food/eat/stomach/farming + person] [index]
funxo - meal, repast. [Etym: food/eat/stomach/farming + complete performance] Kade cuma funxo poynku to tomun xe finku gekoy to = Were there enough meals for more than eight people? [index]
fyo - exchange, swap, trade, switch, interchange. [Etym: "-fyo" is the 'exchange and transfer verb' classifier] Fyo zefa litantenpyo bonfaw toswa tunkumi boncu to = We exchanged the broken radios for two in working order. [index]
fyonko - grateful (for), thankful, obliged. [Etym: exchange/alternate/replace/thank + mental state] Keep in mind that fyonko is a verb. Use fyonkomo for the adjective. Ki fyonko licenxe tanpema bocay cinkemu bofe kyo-kyamay = The firemen are grateful that the water in the canal was high today. [index]
fyonte - thank (for), express gratitude, give or offer thanks. [Etym: exchange/alternate/replace/thank + speech act] Kade fyonte tunfa Laryaxe pu = Did you thank Mary for the book? [index]
fyu - young, youthful. [Etym: "-fyu" is the 'antonym measurable scalar non-relational physical state' classifier] [index]
gaka - hedge modal disjunct. [Etym: hedge + epistemic modal] This is the hedge modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
gakade - interrogative hedge modal disjunct. See gaka. [index]
gakoy - contrasting topicalization particle. [Etym: contrast + particle] Gakoy is a previous-word modifier that adds emphasis to the word that it follows. The result can appear as either a heavily stressed word or a cleft sentence. [index]
gapye - but. [Etym: contrast + conjunction] Note that when gapye links noun phrases, it has the sense 'but also': TBD. [index]
gapyedawmo - contrasting, opposing, being in contrast or opposition with each other. [index]
Gapyedoyma - However, ..., Even so, ..., Nevertheless, ..., But, Still, ..., Yet, Just the same, ..., Notwithstanding, ..., For all that, ..., Be that as it may, .... Note that Gapyedoyma is a verbal disjunct and takes a single clause for an argument. [index]
gapyema - contrast with, be in contrast with or opposition to. [index]
gapyeme - even though, although, in spite of, despite, regardless of, whether or not, irrespective of, notwithstanding. Note that the argument of gapyeme can be either a noun phrase or a clause, and the English translation will depend on the argument. [index]
gapyeson - anyway, regardless, irregardless, nevertheless, still. [index]
gebace - snowstorm. [Etym: high polarity + snowfall] [index]
gebapo - high necessity modal disjunct. [Etym: high polarity + necessity + deontic modal] See bapo. [index]
gebapodomi - requirement, need, that which is needed. [index]
gebapodomo - necessary, requisite, needed, required. [index]
gebapoma - need, require, have a need for. [index]
gebapomo - needy, in need (of). [index]
gebeka - high inevitability modal disjunct. [Etym: high polarity + inevitability + epistemic modal] See beka. [index]
gebekama - expect, anticipate, feel that focus is almost inevitable. [index]
gebonpa - hospital. [Etym: high polarity + healthy/strong/functional/ready + building/business/site] [index]
gebopwe - sea cow, manatee, dugong. [Etym: high polarity + water/liquid/clean/translucent + mammal] Gebopwe includes all members of order Sirenia, including manatees and dugongs. [index]
gebotaw - great lake, a very large lake. [Etym: high polarity + lake] [index]
geci - apartment, flat, tenement, chambers. [Etym: many + room] [index]
geconpo - high consequentiality modal disjunct. [Etym: high polarity + consequentiality + deontic modal] See conpo. [index]
geconpodomo - urgent, exigent, important, compelling, pressing, highly consequential. Note that we can also use the P/F-s verb form with two arguments: TBD. [index]
geconpoma - be urgent. See geconpodomo. [index]
gegaka - high hedge modal disjunct. [Etym: high polarity + hedge + epistemic modal] See gaka. [index]
gegoku - most, a large fraction of. [Etym: high polarity + fraction + numeric] [index]
gegweka - high significance modal disjunct. [Etym: high polarity + significance + epistemic modal] See gweka. [index]
gejoka - high acceptability modal disjunct. [Etym: high polarity + acceptability + epistemic modal] See joka. [index]
geka - high probability modal disjunct. [Etym: high polarity + epistemic modal] See ka. [index]
gekadi - conjecture, speculate, surmise, take as likely. English "surmise", "conjecture", and "speculate" often imply that a conclusion is reached with little evidence. Gekadi does not have this implication. [index]
Gekado - Probably, That's probably correct. Gekado is a complete sentence and takes no arguments. In reply to a statement, it indicates that the statement is probably true. In reply to a question, it indicates that geka should have appeared in place of the question disjunct (typically kade). [index]
gekadomi - conjecture, supposition, presumption. [index]
gekadomo - likely, probable, almost certain. [index]
gekama - think, feel, reckon, be of the opinion, take as likely or probable. Kade gekama tunfa twe ponko tinxe tunfyose litwinkwi tinho = Did you think that the mechanic will want to share his tools? [index]
gekasu - suppose, presume, gather, daresay, accept as likely. [index]
gekonpa - college, a small university. [Etym: high polarity + school] See also bikonpa. [index]
gekonxe - professor, college or university teacher. [Etym: high polarity + teacher] [index]
gekoy - more, comparative modifier. [Etym: high polarity + particle] Ponko fa bocay gekoy = I wanted more water. Xasu fa tunpye tunfa pinpu gekoy = I had more money than you. Xasu fa pu giku gekoy to = I had more than three books. Ki tinpema gekoy ti foy tunpye tunfoymi = My car is faster than yours. See also tunpye. [index]
geku - many, much, numerous, lots of, a lot of, plenty of. [Etym: high polarity + numeric] [index]
gekuson - often(times), frequently, a lot, again and again, commonly, many times. [index]
gekya - month, unit of measure equal to one-twelfth of a year. [Etym: high polarity + measure] Kisi Lajonxe gekya baku to pye kya zeku to came ke pinpunpa = John spent one month and seven days working at the bank. [index]
gepinpa - shopping mall, mall, shopping center, large building or enclosure containing many individual retail businesses. [Etym: high polarity + store] [index]
gepinpu - banknote, bill, note, unit of paper money. [Etym: high polarity + money] [index]
gepo - high obligation modal disjunct. [Etym: high polarity + deontic modal] See po. [index]
gepodomo - advisable, desirable, called for. See also gepoma. [index]
gepoma - advisable, desirable, highly obligated to. Note that gepoma is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
getaynka - high evidentiality modal disjunct. [Etym: high polarity + evidentiality + epistemic modal] See taynka. [index]
getaynkadomo - apparent, seeming, ostensible. [index]
getaynkama - suppose, gather, surmise, guess, figure, reckon, take as likely due to evidence/reason. [index]
getenfay - sentence [grammar]. [Etym: high polarity + word] [index]
geto - very (much), highly, extremely, a lot, much, really. [Etym: high polarity + true generic root] Pinpema geto bopyo = The washing machine was very expensive. For scalar states, ge- can be applied directly to the scalar root: TBD. [index]
getomo - high in degree or magnitude, great, intense, high, strong, keen, acute, superior, considerable, substantial. [index]
getwi - boss, chief, head, manager, supervisor, superior, foreman, overseer. [Etym: high polarity + social/political/business relation] [index]
gexe - adult, grownup, a mature person. [Etym: high polarity + person] [index]
gexenxay - smart, bright, sharp, very intelligent. [Etym: high polarity + intelligent] [index]
gexwa - far (away) from, distant from. [Etym: high polarity + antonym of relational locative] [index]
gezayku - near-to-last, later, latter, almost last, near the end, high in a sequence. [Etym: high polarity + ordinal + numeric] [index]
gifa - he/him, she/her, it. [Etym: three + personal pronoun] This is the third person pronoun and always refers to someone or something other than the speaker or listener that is part of the current environment (regardless of distance). It should never be used as an anaphor. [index]
gifoy - his, her, its. [Etym: three + personal possessive adjective] This is the third person genitive adjective and always refers to someone or something other than the speaker or listener that is part of the current environment (regardless of distance). It should never be used as an anaphor. [index]
gigweku - tertiary, third in importance, rank, or value. [Etym: three + N-ary + numeric] [index]
giki - present-resumptive disjunct. [Etym: resumptive + present tense] This is the present-resumptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
giku - three. [Etym: three + numeric] [index]
gikuson - thrice, three times, on three occasions. [index]
gikyo - later, at a time after now. [Etym: three + temporal deictic] [index]
gikyo-kyamay - tomorrow. [Etym: future/later + day] Juka ki poynko fa koncoma pankoy tunfa gikyo-kyamay = I'm not confident that you'll be as wise tomorrow. [index]
gipya - past-resumptive disjunct. [Etym: resumptive + past tense] This is the past-resumptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
gipyu - over there [away from both speaker and listener], yonder. [Etym: three + locative deictic] [index]
gitwe - future-resumptive disjunct. [Etym: resumptive + future tense] This is the future-resumptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
givanku - triple, three-in-one, three of a kind. [Etym: three + N-tuple + numeric] [index]
gixi - that/those [away from both speaker and the listener], yon. [Etym: three + demonstrative adjective] Kade ki tay tunfa panfo fenpe gixi = Do you see that long fence? [index]
gixoy - tenseless-resumptive disjunct. [Etym: resumptive + unspecified tense] This is the tenseless-resumptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
gixoydan - resume, continue on with, cause to resume. [index]
gixoydun - resume, continue on. [index]
gizayku - third. [Etym: three + ordinal + numeric] [index]
gozinpoa - cosine. [Etym: mnemonic "cosin" + arithmetic function] Note that gozinpoa is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
guci - story, floor, level (of a building). [Etym: on/support/heavy/gravity + room] [index]
gujutoy - brown. [Etym: orange + black + color] [index]
guke - on (the surface of), upon, in contact with and supported by. [Etym: on/support/heavy/gravity + relational locative] [index]
gukwi - scale(s), balance, weight measuring device. [Etym: on/support/heavy/gravity + tool/instrument] [index]
gukya - gram [unit of measurement]. [Etym: on/support/heavy/gravity + measure] [index]
gukyu - drop, let fall. [Etym: on/support/heavy/gravity + other action] [index]
gupe - heavy, weighty, leaden. [Etym: on/support/heavy/gravity + measurable scalar non-relational state] [index]
gupedya - weigh, measure the weight of. [index]
gupesu - weigh, have weight equal to. [index]
gupesudwemi - weight, heft, what something weighs. [index]
gupwe - elephant, pachyderm. [Etym: on/support/heavy/gravity + mammal] [index]
gutaw - plateau, tableland, mesa. [Etym: on/support/heavy/gravity + natural location] [index]
gutoy - orange [the color]. [Etym: orange + color] [index]
gweka - significance modal disjunct. [Etym: significance + epistemic modal] This is the significance modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
gwekade - interrogative significance modal disjunct. See gweka. [index]
gwekoy - heavy topicalization particle. [Etym: significance + particle] [index]
jabikaw - half sister. [Etym: parent's daughter + kinship] [index]
jafa - you. [Etym: six + personal pronoun] This personal pronoun refers to the listener plus others not present. English does not make this distinction but some languages do. [index]
jafoy - your. [Etym: six + personal possessive adjective] This genitive adjective refers to the listener plus others not present. [index]
jajakaw - grandparent. [Etym: parent's parent + kinship] Repeat the initial ja to add one or more 'great' modifiers; e.g., use jajajakaw for 'great grandparent'. [index]
jajikaw - grandmother. [Etym: parent's mother + kinship] Repeat the initial ja to add one or more 'great' modifiers; e.g., use jajajikaw for 'great grandmother'. [index]
jajukaw - grandfather. [Etym: parent's father + kinship] Repeat the initial ja to add one or more 'great' modifiers; e.g., use jajajukaw for 'great grandfather'. [index]
jakanbikaw - stepsister. [Etym: parent's spouse's daughter + kinship] [index]
jakaw - parent, mother or father. [Etym: parent + kinship] [index]
jaku - six. [Etym: six + numeric] Ponko fa fenpedase ci fenkya jaku to = I wanted to make the room six meters long. [index]
japyu - there, at that location. [Etym: six + locative deictic] [index]
jaxi - that/those [demonstrative]. [Etym: six + demonstrative adjective] [index]
jazabakaw - cousin. [Etym: parent's sibling's child + kinship] [index]
jazukaw - uncle. [Etym: parent's brother + kinship] [index]
jeci - hallway, corridor, hall, passageway. [Etym: open/unobstructed/between/free + room] Ki xasu jeci taynfo tanpe tunku to pye jefo co vuku to = The hallway has two high windows and five big doors. [index]
jecu - open [adjective], accessible, allowing passage or access. [Etym: open/unobstructed/between/free + binary non-relational state] [index]
jecudan - open [verb]. Luyejecudanmoy jefo kyuswa jekwi xi = Please open the door with this key. [index]
jefaw - closed, shut, inaccessible, unopen, not allowing passage or access. [Etym: open/unobstructed/between/free + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
jefawdan - close, shut, cause to become closed or shut. [index]
jefo - door. [Etym: open/unobstructed/between/free + other artificial item] Luyejecudanmoy jefo kyuswa jekwi xi = Please open the door with this key. [index]
jeke - between, betwixt. [Etym: open/unobstructed/between/free + relational locative] [index]
jekoy - opening parenthesis. [Etym: open parenthesis + particle] Use Jekoy and jokoy to enclose coordinated phrases that require common modification. See the chapter on COORDINATION AMBIGUITY in the reference manual. Jekoy and jokoy should also be used to prevent an argument or modifier from attaching to the immediately preceding constituent when it is necessary to instead attach to its head. [index]
jekwi - key (to open a lock). [Etym: open/unobstructed/between/free + tool/instrument] Luyejecudanmoy jefo kyuswa jekwi xi = Please open the door with this key. [index]
jenku - too many/much. [Etym: excessive polarity + numeric] [index]
jento - too, excessively, over-. [Etym: excessive polarity + true generic root] For scalar states, jen- can be applied directly to the scalar root: TBD. [index]
jentomo - excessive, inordinate, overrated, overblown, outrageous, overdone. [index]
jikaw - mother, female parent. [Etym: female parent + kinship] [index]
jikunkaw - stepfather, husband of biological mother that is not one's biological father. [Etym: mother's husband + kinship] [index]
jixu - milk. [Etym: mother + plant/animal substance] [index]
joka - acceptability modal disjunct. [Etym: acceptability + epistemic modal] This is the acceptability modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
jokade - interrogative acceptability modal disjunct. See joka. [index]
jokoy - closing parenthesis. [Etym: closing parenthesis + particle] See jekoy. [index]
jubapo - zero-necessity modal disjunct. [Etym: 0% polarity + necessity + deontic modal] See bapo. [index]
jubapodadoy - make unnecessary, obviate. [index]
jubapodomo - unnecessary, inessential, unessential, not necessary. [index]
jubatoy - gray, blackish-white. [Etym: black + white + color] [index]
jubeka - zero-inevitability modal disjunct. [Etym: 0% polarity + inevitability + epistemic modal] See beka. [index]
juboxwe - dry season, time of the year that has no or relatively little precipitation. [Etym: opposite + rainy season] [index]
jucantwimo - unemployed, out-of-work, jobless. [Etym: opposite + employee] For the noun meaning 'unemployed person', use jucantwi. [index]
jucawdume - from, out of. See also cawdume. [index]
jucawmo - different, unequal, other, not the same, not equal. See also juxontumo. [index]
jucenpyo - refrigerator, icebox. [Etym: opposite + stove] [index]
juconpo - zero-consequentiality modal disjunct. [Etym: 0% polarity + consequentiality + epistemic modal] See conpo. [index]
jufawnka - zero-counterfactuality modal disjunct. [Etym: 0% polarity + counterfactuality + epistemic modal] See fawnka. [index]
jugaka - zero-hedge modal disjunct. [Etym: 0% polarity + hedge + epistemic modal] See gaka. [index]
jugakadomo - so-called, self-styled, soi-disant. [index]
jugweka - zero-significance modal disjunct. [Etym: 0% polarity + significance + epistemic modal] See gweka. [index]
jujoka - zero-acceptability modal disjunct. [Etym: 0% polarity + acceptability + epistemic modal] See joka. [index]
jujokadomo - unacceptable, inadmissible, intolerable. [index]
jujokama - disapprove (of), oppose. [index]
jujokamo - disapproving, opposed, hostile. [index]
jujokasyumi - disapproval, opposition. [index]
juka - not, zero-probability modal disjunct. [Etym: 0% polarity + epistemic modal] See ka. [index]
Jukado - No, That's not true, That's wrong, That's incorrect. Jukado is a complete sentence and takes no arguments. In reply to a statement, it indicates that the statement is not true. In reply to a question, it indicates that juka should have appeared in place of the question disjunct (typically kade). [index]
jukadomo - false, untrue, incorrect, wrong, impossible. [index]
jukama - disbelieve, to feel that something is untrue or impossible. [index]
jukami - unbeliever, disbeliever, one who accepts as untrue or impossible. [index]
jukamo - incredulous, unbelieving, disbelieving. [index]
jukaw - father, male parent. [Etym: male parent + kinship] [index]
juki - present-terminative disjunct. [Etym: terminative + present tense] This is the present-terminative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
jukoy - incomplete parenthetical expression stop. [Etym: terminative + particle] See bakoy. [index]
juku - zero, no/none. [Etym: zero + numeric] [index]
jukuson - never, zero times, not ... ever, not ... at all, on no occasion. [index]
jupinfyo - buy, purchase. [Etym: opposite + sell] See also jupinfyodo. [index]
jupinfyodo - sell. Note that this is simply the middle voice form of jupinfyo ('to buy'). [index]
jupinko - generous, selfless, munificent, magnanimous, big-hearted. [Etym: antonym + greedy] Keep in mind that jupinko is a verb. Use jupinkomo for the adjective. [index]
jupo - zero-obligation modal disjunct. [Etym: 0% polarity + deontic modal] See po. [index]
jupya - past-terminative disjunct. [Etym: terminative + past tense] This is the past-terminative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
jutanfo - floor [of a room]. [Etym: opposite + ceiling] [index]
jutaynka - zero-evidentiality modal disjunct. [Etym: 0% polarity + evidentiality + epistemic modal] See taynka. [index]
juto - no, not, negative indefinite article. [Etym: 0% polarity + true generic root] This is the negative indefinite article which is fully described in the reference manual. [index]
jutomi - nothing, nil, naught. Tay fa jutomi centoy ke tinfe = I saw nothing yellow in the parking lot. Twe cinkoso jutomi = Nothing will be remembered. Ki ko juzaytwi jutomi tu fonfe xi = The enemy knows nothing about this bridge. [index]
jutoy - black. [Etym: black + color] [index]
jutudi - quit, break off/away from, leave, give up on, abandon, have done with, cause oneself to become uninvolved with. [index]
jutuma - have nothing to do with, be uninvolved or unassociated with. Jutuma jutanfo boco xi bopyo cinke jeci = This wet floor had nothing to do with the washing machine in the hallway. Ki jutuma bopoy xaynpoy = Plumbing has nothing to do with biology. [index]
jutwe - future-terminative disjunct. [Etym: terminative + future tense] This is the future-terminative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
jutwi - stranger, outsider, alien, someone unknown. [Etym: not/opposite + social/political/business relation] [index]
juxontumo - dissimilar, different. [Etym: opposite + similar] See also jucawmo. [index]
juxoy - tenseless-terminative disjunct. [Etym: terminative + unspecified tense] This is the tenseless-terminative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
juxoydan - stop, halt, bring to a halt. [index]
juxoydun - stop, halt, come to a stop/halt. [index]
juzayko - dislike. [Etym: opposite + like/enjoy] [index]
juzaytwi - enemy, foe, adversary, antagonist, opponent. [Etym: opposite + friend] Ki xasu luxe konco juzaytwi juku to = Wise people have no enemies. Ki ko juzaytwi jutomi tu fonfe xi = The enemy knows nothing about this bridge. [index]
ka - probability modal disjunct. [Etym: "-ka" is the 'epistemic modality' classifier] This is the probability modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
kade - interrogative probability modal disjunct. This is the interrogative probability modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. Kade converts a declarative sentence into an interrogative one: If kade introduces an embedded clause, it is equivalent to English "if": However, do not confuse this usage with conditional "if" (see zepye). See also ka. [index]
Kado - Maybe, Perhaps, That's possible. Kado is a complete sentence and takes no arguments. It is used to indicate that something just said is possibly true. [index]
kadomo - possible, conceivable, imaginable, thinkable. [index]
kama - accept as possible, admit the possibility of, give credit/credence to. [index]
kamo - agnostic, open-minded, broad-minded, accepting as possible. [index]
kanbukaw - stepson. [Etym: spouse's son + kinship] [index]
kanjakaw - in-law. [Etym: spouse's parent + kinship] [index]
kanjikaw - mother-in-law. [Etym: spouse's mother + kinship] [index]
kankaw - spouse, mate. [Etym: spouse + kinship] [index]
kaw - relative, kinsman, kin, relation. [Etym: "-kin" is the 'kinship' classifier] See also pinkaw and zupinkaw. [index]
kay - small, little, having minimal size. [Etym: "-kay" is the 'antonym other scalar non-relational state' classifier] [index]
ke - at, in, near, with [locative]. [Etym: "-ke" is the 'relational locative' classifier] [index]
keda - move to, put at/in/etc, place at/in/etc, cause to become at/in/etc. [index]
kedan - move, place, position, deposit. [index]
kedasaw - put together, bring together, round up, gather, assemble, muster, put in the same location. [index]
kede - where [interrogative], at which location. [index]
kedi - arrive at/in, reach, cause oneself to become at/in/etc. [index]
kedidwemi - destination, goal, arrival location. [index]
kedu - get to/into, become located at. [index]
kedume - to, into, on the way to. Kedume should be translated as English 'on the way to' if the verb is not a verb of motion: Konca konxe cinke conti kedume konpa = The teacher taught in the bus on the way to the school. [index]
kedusoyme - somewhere, someplace, to some unspecified place. See also kesoy. [index]
kedwemi - location, position. See also twintaw. [index]
kesa - keep at/in. [index]
kesan - keep (in place), constrain, restrict the movement of, limit the movement of. [index]
kesi - stay at/in, attend, keep oneself at/in/etc. Kesimoy cinpa xi toman ki pinfyuma cinhi = Stay at this hotel because it's inexpensive. [index]
kesin - stay put/behind, remain/stay in place, abide, keep oneself at/in/etc a location. [index]
kesoy - somewhere, someplace, at/in some unspecified place. See also kedusoyme. [index]
ki - present-imperfective disjunct. [Etym: "-ki" is the 'present tense' classifier] This is the present-imperfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
kime - when, while, during, as, at [temporal], at the same time as. [index]
kisi - spend (time), pass. Kisi zikaw foy kya cinke boci = My sister spent the day in the bathroom. [index]
kisunmo - ongoing, underway, in progress, current, currently happening. [index]
ko - know (about/of), have knowledge of, realize. [Etym: "-ko" is the 'mental state' classifier] Ki ko juzaytwi jutomi tu fonfe xi = The enemy knows nothing about this bridge. Ko implies only knowledge of an entity or an event. It does not imply ability. Thus ^Ki ko fa Latenkwa^ means 'I know ABOUT Latenkwa'. It does not mean 'I know Latenkwa' (which implies ability to use the language). See kontwima for the sense 'to be acquainted with'. [index]
koda - inform (about/of), make aware of, enlighten. [index]
kodi - find out (about), determine, ascertain, learn. [index]
kodomi - fact, datum, unit of information or knowledge. [index]
kodu - learn (about), find out, come to know, discover, realize. [index]
komo - knowing, cognizant, aware, in the know. [Etym: see ko] [index]
konca - teach. [Etym: knowledge/wisdom + activity] [index]
konci - classroom, schoolroom. [Etym: knowledge/wisdom + room] [index]
konco - wise, sage, sagacious. [Etym: knowledge/wisdom + scalar non-relational state] Juka twe koncodan lipu xi tunfa = These books won't make you wise. [index]
konkay - foolish, unwise, imprudent, asinine, senseless, witless, dumb. [Etym: knowledge/wisdom + antonym scalar non-relational state] [index]
konpa - school, educational institution. [Etym: knowledge/wisdom + building/business/site] [index]
konpi - faculty, teaching staff. [Etym: knowledge/wisdom + group/organization] [index]
konpoy - teaching, pedagogy, education, instruction, schooling. [Etym: knowledge/wisdom + profession/activity] Ki tentuma tunfa zayko gekoy tunfa cenpoy tunpye konpoy = You sound like you liked fire fighting more than teaching. [index]
konpu - textbook, schoolbook. [Etym: knowledge/wisdom + book] Pinpesu tenpu tunpye konpu gekoymi tomande = Why did the dictionary cost more than the textbook? [index]
konte - explain, explicate, expound, spell out, clarify, elucidate, make something well understood. [Etym: knowledge/wisdom + speech act] [index]
kontea - desk, writing table. [Etym: knowledge/wisdom + furniture] [index]
kontwi - acquaintance, someone that one knows or has met. [Etym: knowledge/wisdom + social/political/business relation] [index]
kontwima - know, be acquainted with, be an acquaintance of. Ki kontwima fa bukaw tunfoy gapye juka pya ko fa ki ponkoncasi buhi bonpoy = I know your son but I didn't know that he's studying medicine. [index]
konxe - teacher. [Etym: knowledge/wisdom + group member] See also konca. [index]
konxo - lesson, lecture, class, unit of teaching or learning. [Etym: knowledge/wisdom + complete performance] [index]
kosa - keep current/up-to-date on. [index]
kosi - keep track of, keep up on, keep abreast of, monitor, keep oneself up-to-date about. [index]
koyde - how (much), to what degree or extent. [index]
koysumaw - how much, degree of/that, extent, amount, measure. [index]
koysume - to the degree/extent of/that. [index]
ku - any, some, an unspecified quantity or amount. [Etym: "-ku" is the 'numeric' classifier] Keep in mind that ku is a non-specific numeric. [index]
kude - how many/much, what quantity of. Poynxema twintwimaw kude canpi pye zayxema kudemi = How many members of the labor union were professionals and how many were hobbyists? [index]
kunkaw - husband, male spouse. [Etym: male spouse + kinship] [index]
kuson - sometimes, at times, ever (in questions). [index]
kwe - dead, lifeless, no longer alive. [Etym: "-kwe" is the 'opposite living entity attribute' classifier] [index]
kwedan - kill, put to death, slay, take the life of, do away with, fell, strike dead. [index]
kwenfe - cemetery, graveyard, burial ground/place. [Etym: dead + infrastructure] [index]
kwenko - sorrowful, mournful, sorrow-stricken, aggrieved, grief-stricken. [Etym: dead + mental state] Note that kwenko is a verb, not an adjective! Use kwenkomo for the adjective. [index]
kwenkyu - murder, commit homicide, take the life of. [Etym: dead + other action] [index]
kwentaw - waste(land), barrens, land where little or nothing lives or grows. [Etym: dead + natural location] [index]
kwenti - hearse, funeral car/coach. [Etym: dead + vehicle] [index]
kwenxo - funeral, burial. [Etym: dead + complete performance] [index]
kwi - knife. [Etym: "-kwi" is the 'non-powered instrument and tool' classifier] Ki kwinkyu tunfa fu kyuswa kwi kwinkay to tomande = Why are you cutting the food with a dull knife? [index]
kwinco - sharp, keen, edged for cutting. [Etym: cut/slice/sharp + scalar non-relational state] [index]
kwinkay - dull, blunt, unsharp, unedged. [Etym: cut/slice/sharp + antonym scalar non-relational state] Ki kwinkyu tunfa fu kyuswa kwi kwinkay to tomande = Why are you cutting the food with a dull knife? [index]
kwinkyu - cut, slice, gash, incise. [Etym: cut/slice/sharp + other action] Ki kwinkyu tunfa fu kyuswa kwi kwinkay to tomande = Why are you cutting the food with a dull knife? [index]
kya - day, unit of measure equal to 24 hours. [Etym: "-kya" is the 'measure' classifier] Kisi Lajonxe gekya baku to pye kya zeku to came ke pinpunpa = John spent one month and seven days working at the bank. [index]
kyo - now, at this time. [Etym: "-kyo" is the 'temporal deictic' classifier] [index]
kyo-kyamay - today, on this day. [Etym: present/now + day] Twe bontuma lizukaw foy pinfyose litwintea kyo-kyamay = My brothers will be ready to sell the furniture today. Note that kyo-kyamay can be either past, present, or future, and thus is too vague to affect the default tense of the verb. [index]
kyu - do something to, affect, have an effect on. [Etym: "-kyu" is the 'other action' classifier] Juka ki poyncuma poynkwi toman kyu Laryaxe poynhi = The ruler isn't straight because Mary did something to it. [index]
kyudi - achieve, accomplish. [index]
kyudwa - action, deed, act. [index]
kyusan - operate, run, control, manage, use, utilize, employ, drive, make use of, put to use. See also kyuswi. [index]
kyusando - in use/operation. Note that kyusando is a verb, NOT an adjective. [index]
kyusandwe - under the control of. Note that kyusandwe is a verb, not an adjective! See also kyusan and kyusansoy. [index]
kyusansoy - in charge/control. Note that kyusansoy is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
kyusi - do, carry out, perform. Kade kyusi tunfa licanxo xa ponte fa tunfa kyusise canhi = Did you do the tasks that I asked you to do? See also cudadoy. [index]
kyusidomi - deed, act, action, activity. [index]
kyusidwa - activity, goings-on, doings. [index]
kyusin - act, behave. [index]
kyusindwa - behavior. [index]
kyusisoy - busy, occupied, be doing something. Keep in mind that kyusisoy is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
kyuswa - with [instrumental], by, by means of, via, on. [index]
kyuswade - how [interrogative], via what means, method, or instrument. [index]
kyuswi - use on/for, apply to. Note that kyuswi is A/P/F-d and that the order of the two objects is the opposite of their English order (it is the focus that is being "used on" the patient). See also kyusan. [index]
Lagefenbotaw - Nile [the river]. [index]
Lajonxe - John. [index]
Larantoa - France. [index]
Larikintaw - Arctic, the north polar region of Earth. [index]
Laryaxe - Mary. [index]
Latenkwa - the name of the interlingua. [index]
Laviritaw - Africa. [index]
lebibekadomi - inevitability, unavoidability. [index]
lebikadomi - truth, veracity, truthfulness. [index]
lebikami - faith, conviction. [index]
lebitaynkami - confidence, certainty, certitude. [index]
lecumi - reality, existence, actuality, being, factuality, realness. [index]
legapyemi - contrast, opposition. [index]
legebapomi - requirement, necessity, need. [index]
lekadomi - possibility, likelihood, probability, potential. [index]
lekami - agnosticism, open-mindedness, broad-mindedness. [index]
lekomi - knowledge. [index]
lekumaw - amount (of), quantity (of), how many/much. [index]
lekyusidomo - doable, practical. [index]
lekyusimi - ability, capability, competence. [index]
lekyusimo - able, capable, competent, fit, having the ability to do something. [index]
Lelarantoamo - French [attributive]. [index]
letoymi - color, hue. [index]
letudoymi - condition, state. [index]
letumi - relationship, involvement, association. [index]
letwinxwemo - temporal, durative/durational, having to do with time. [index]
levokami - skepticism, doubt. [index]
lexontumi - similarity, likeness. [index]
lezaykodomo - pleasing, delightful, enjoyable, likable. [index]
lezaykomi - enjoyment, pleasure, delight, relish. [index]
ligifa - they/them. This is just the plural form of gifa. [index]
liku - multiple, plural, various. [index]
likyo - nowadays, currently. [index]
lutomi - things (in general), stuff. See tomi. [index]
pa - house [residential], building for residence of typically one family or household. [Etym: "-pa" is the 'building' classifier] [index]
panbapo - average necessity modal disjunct. [Etym: average polarity + necessity + deontic modal] See bapo. [index]
panbeka - average inevitability modal disjunct. [Etym: average polarity + inevitability + epistemic modal] See beka. [index]
panbotaw - pond, a small lake. [Etym: average polarity + lake] [index]
panca - dwell, live, reside, make one's home. [Etym: home/reside + activity] Panca taynta geku to pyu pyame tawnkaydanso pantaw = A lot of owls lived here before the island was developed. [index]
panconpo - average consequentiality modal disjunct. [Etym: average polarity + consequentiality + deontic modal] See conpo. [index]
panfo - fence [enclosure or barrier]. [Etym: building/home/reside + other artificial item] Bonfawdanso panfo fenkemu fe tunkyo = The fence along the road was broken earlier. [index]
pangaka - average hedge modal disjunct. [Etym: average polarity + hedge + epistemic modal] See gaka. [index]
pangoku - about half. [Etym: average polarity + fraction + numeric] [index]
pangweka - average significance modal disjunct. [Etym: average polarity + significance + epistemic modal] See gweka. [index]
panjoka - average acceptability modal disjunct. [Etym: average polarity + acceptability + epistemic modal] See joka. [index]
panjokadomo - acceptable, admissible, okay. [index]
panjokama - approve (of), accept, countenance, sanction, feel that focus is acceptable. [index]
panjokamo - approving, accepting, satisfied, feeling that something (the focus, if specified) is acceptable. [index]
panka - average probability modal disjunct. [Etym: average polarity + epistemic modal] See ka. [index]
pankonpa - high school, secondary school, middle school. [Etym: average polarity + school] [index]
pankoy - as (much/many), comparative modifier. [Etym: average polarity + particle] See also tunpye. [index]
panku - several, some, a number of, a moderate quantity of. [Etym: average polarity + numeric] [index]
pankuson - sometimes, at times, now and then, occasionally, a number of times. [index]
pankyo - about now, at about this time. [Etym: average polarity + now] [index]
panpo - average obligation modal disjunct. [Etym: average polarity + deontic modal] See po. [index]
panpoma - supposed to, moderately obligated to. Note that panpoma is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
panpwe - cat [domestic]. [Etym: home/reside + mammal] Panpwe refers only to the domestic cat, Felis catus. [index]
pantaw - island/isle. [Etym: average polarity + natural location] Panca taynta geku to pyu pyame tawnkaydanso pantaw = A lot of owls lived here before the island was developed. [index]
pantaynka - average evidentiality modal disjunct. [Etym: average polarity + evidentiality + epistemic modal] See taynka. [index]
pantaynkama - suspect, imagine, feel that there is reasonable evidence for. [index]
pantomo - ordinary, average, so-so, typical, common, usual, average in degree or magnitude. [index]
pantwe - in a while, in a moderate time from now. [Etym: average polarity + future tense] Keep in mind that pantwe is a disjunct, not an adverb! See also twe. [index]
pantwi - co-worker, workfellow, fellow worker, colleague. [Etym: average polarity + social/political/business relation] See also twi. [index]
panzayku - medial, middle, midway, midmost, intermediate, halfway, midway in a sequence. [Etym: average polarity + ordinal + numeric] [index]
pawnca - swim. [Etym: fish + activity] [index]
pe - old [in age], aged, antiquated. [Etym: "-pe" is the 'measurable scalar non-relational physical state' classifier] [index]
penkwa - tradition, custom. [Etym: old + protocol] Ki caw lixo penkwa pe to = The performances are an old tradition. [index]
penkwe - immature, non-adult, undeveloped. [Etym: old + opposite opposite living entity attribute] [index]
penpoa - sum [arithmetic], plus. [Etym: old/more/addition + arithmetic function] Note that penpoa is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
penpu - antique, something made a long time ago but still having social value. [Etym: old + social item] [index]
penpye - "comma" (in lists), list separator for parenthetical expressions. [Etym: more/addition + conjunction] See bakoy. [index]
penxay - full-grown, mature, grown(-up), ripe, developed. [Etym: old + living entity attribute] [index]
pi - business (establishment), firm, concern. [Etym: "-pi" is the 'group/organization' classifier] [index]
pinca - shop, go shopping. [Etym: business/money/finance + activity] [index]
pinco - wealthy, rich, affluent, moneyed, well-to-do, prosperous. [Etym: business/money/finance + scalar non-relational state] [index]
pinfe - marketplace, open market, bazaar, outdoor marketplace. [Etym: business/money/finance + infrastructure] [index]
pinfyo - sell, vend, transfer ownership to someone in exchange for money. [Etym: business/money/finance + exchange/swap/transfer] Twe bontuma lizukaw foy pinfyose litwintea kyo-kyamay = My brothers will be ready to sell the furniture today. Gepo pinfyo fa tantaynpyo pe kemu tanci tomin cunxe = I should have sold the old television in the attic to the engineer. See also jupinfyodo. [index]
pinfyu - inexpensive, low-cost, cheap, frugal. [Etym: business/money/finance + antonym measurable scalar non-relational state] [index]
pinkaw - kinfolk, kinsmen, family, relatives, extended family. [Etym: group + kinship] Pinkaw refers to all people that one is related to through blood or marriage. To refer to an immediate family or household, see zupinkaw. [index]
pinkay - poor, poverty-stricken, needy. [Etym: business/money/finance + antonym scalar non-relational state] [index]
pinki - present-iterative disjunct. [Etym: iterative + present tense] This is the present-iterative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
pinko - greedy, acquisitive, avaricious, grasping, selfish. [Etym: business/money/finance + mental state] Keep in mind that pinko is a verb. Use pinkomo for the adjective. [index]
pinkwa - contract, pact, compact, legal agreement or covenant. [Etym: business/money/finance + protocol] Kade zupya xada tanpi canpi pinkwa jupinkomo to = Did the airline just give the labor union a generous contract? [index]
pinkya - dollar [unit of currency]. [Etym: business/money/finance + measure] Pinkya applies to all currencies called "dollar", not just the United States dollar. [index]
pinpa - store [retail], shop, mart. [Etym: business/money/finance + building/business/site] [index]
pinpanxe - merchant, storekeeper, shopkeeper, dealer, retailer. [Etym: store + group member] [index]
pinpaw - school [of fish]. [Etym: group + fish] [index]
pinpe - expensive, costly, high-priced, dear. [Etym: business/money/finance + measurable scalar non-relational state] [index]
pinpesu - cost, sell for, have a price equal to. Pinpesu tenpu tunpye konpu gekoymi tomande = Why did the dictionary cost more than the textbook? [index]
pinpu - money, funds, capital. [Etym: business/money/finance + social item] Ponkaynfyoda toynxe to pinpyo pinpu = A painter stole the money from the cash register. [index]
pinpunfyo - pay, spend, expend, disburse, remit. [Etym: money + exchange/swap/transfer] [index]
pinpunpa - bank (financial institution). [Etym: money + building/business/site] [index]
pinpunpanxe - banker, moneylender. [Etym: bank + group member] [index]
pinpwe - herd. [Etym: group + mammal] [index]
pinpya - past-iterative disjunct. [Etym: iterative + past tense] This is the past-iterative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
pinpyo - cash register, till, cashbox. [Etym: business/money/finance + other device] Ponkaynfyoda toynxe to pinpyo pinpu = A painter stole the money from the cash register. [index]
pinta - flock [of birds]. [Etym: group + bird] [index]
pinte - haggle, dicker, negotiate, bargain. [Etym: business/money/finance + speech act] [index]
pintea - counter, checkout (counter), table or other flat surface over which business transactions are conducted. [Etym: business/money/finance + social item] [index]
pintenfay - vocabulary, lexicon, word inventory or repertoire. [Etym: group + word] [index]
pinti - fleet, functional group of vehicles. [Etym: group + vehicle] [index]
pintwe - future-iterative disjunct. [Etym: iterative + future tense] This is the future-iterative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
pintwi - customer, client, buyer, patron. [Etym: business/money/finance + social/political/business relation] Cinkema tuntwi foy fenti gikyo tunkyume lipintwi = My assistant will be in the train later helping the customers. [index]
pintye - swarm [of insects]. [Etym: group + insect] [index]
pinxe - businessman, businesswoman, entrepreneur, man or woman of business. [Etym: business/money/finance + group member] [index]
pinxoy - tenseless-iterative disjunct. [Etym: iterative + unspecified tense] This is the tenseless-iterative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
pinxoysan - repeat, iterate, do over and over, do or perform repeatedly. [index]
pinxoysanme - repeatedly, iteratively, over and over, time after time. [index]
po - can, may, have the option to, be permitted/allowed to, obligation modal disjunct. [Etym: "-po" is the 'deontic modality' classifier] This is the obligation modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
pode - interrogative obligation modal disjunct. See po. [index]
podomi - option. [index]
podomo - optional. [index]
podwema - optional, discretional/discretionary, elective. Note that podwema is a verb, not an adjective! Literally, it means 'to be optional for' See also poma. [index]
poma - optional (for), discretionary, elective, neither required nor forbidden. Note that poma is a verb, not an adjective! Literally, it means 'to have the option to' See also podwema. [index]
poncaw - purpose, objective, goal, aim, point, intent, have as a purpose/goal, be intended to/for. [Etym: want/desire/good + binary relational state] Keep in mind that poncaw is a verb, not a noun. Use poncawdomi or poncawdwemaw for the noun. The word poncawmi is just the generic term for something that has a purpose, and so is probably not very useful. [index]
poncawme - to, in order to/that, so that, for (the sake/purpose of). [Etym: see poncaw] [index]
poncawsi - intend to/on/that, plan to/on, figure to/on, aim to, mean to. [index]
ponco - good, desirable, nice, opposite of bad. [Etym: want/desire/good + scalar non-relational state] [index]
ponconfyo - donate, contribute, bestow, give for a benevolent reason. [Etym: good + exchange/swap/transfer] Ponconfyo jukaw foy litenpyo pe tomin lixe pinkay to = My father donated the old telephones to some poor people. [index]
ponkay - bad, undesirable, opposite of good. [Etym: want/desire/good + antonym scalar non-relational state] [index]
ponkaynfyo - steal, purloin, make off with, pilfer, filch, rob [see special note below]. [Etym: bad + exchange/swap/transfer] Ponkaynfyoso litinpu xa centi kemu tinfe kemu konpa = The license plates of the firetruck in the parking lot at the school were stolen. Special note: "Ponkaynfyo" is unlike many other exchange verbs in that the person robbed is not a willing participant. Thus, we cannot use 0/AP "tomin" to indicate the victim because it would imply that he was willing. We also cannot use "tomun" because it is too vague. The only way to identify the victim is to modify the argument structure to indicate the patient that was affected by the theft. Thus, A/P/F-d "ponkaynfyoda" means 'to steal F from P': TBD. Note that the order of the two objects is the opposite of the English order. Note also, that A/P-d [-F] "ponkaynfyodan" is equivalent to the English word "rob": TBD. [index]
ponkaynpi - black market, gray market. [Etym: bad + group/organization] [index]
ponko - want, desire. [Etym: want/desire/good + mental state] [index]
ponkonca - study, mental activity by which one attempts to learn something. [Etym: want + knowledge + activity] [index]
ponkonxe - student. [Etym: want + knowledge + person] [index]
ponkya - pound [weight measure]. [Etym: mnemonic "pon" for "pound" + measure] [index]
ponte - ask for/that, request, order [eg. at a restaurant]. [Etym: want + speech act] Kade kyusi tunfa licanxo xa ponte fa tunfa kyusise canhi = Did you do the tasks that I asked you to do? Use "ponte" to ask for something or to ask that something be done. Use TBD to ask for information. [index]
posa - allow, let, permit, make optional. [index]
poy - profession, occupation, field, business, vocation, line of work. [Etym: "-poy" is the 'profession/endeavor/activity' classifier] Po ki zaypoyma tenpoy gapye bipo poyma bonpoy = Linguistics can be a hobby but medicine has to be a profession. [index]
poyncu - straight, unbent, unbowed, direct, linear, even. [Etym: professional/successful/straight + binary non-relational state] Juka ki poyncuma poynkwi toman kyu Laryaxe poynhi = The ruler isn't straight because Mary did something to it. [index]
poynfaw - crooked, bent, bowed, akimbo. [Etym: professional/successful/straight + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
poynke - parallel to, equidistant from, not at an angle to. [Etym: professional/successful/straight + relational locative] Kade ki cuma ki poynkema panfo botawntaw = Is it true that the fence is parallel to the shore? [index]
poynko - confident, assured, self-confident, self-assured, self-reliant, sure of oneself. [Etym: professional/successful/straight + mental state] Note that poynko is a verb, not an adjective! Use poynkomo for the adjective. Juka ki poynko fa koncoma pankoy tunfa gikyo-kyamay = I'm not confident that you'll be as wise tomorrow. [index]
poynku - enough, sufficient, adequate, ample, plenty of. [Etym: enough/adequate polarity + numeric] Kade cuma funxo poynku to tomun xe finku gekoy to = Were there enough meals for more than eight people? [index]
poynkwi - ruler, rule, straightedge. [Etym: professional/successful/straight + tool/instrument] Juka ki poyncuma poynkwi toman kyu Laryaxe poynhi = The ruler isn't straight because Mary did something to it. [index]
poynxe - professional, expert, authority, adept, pro. [Etym: professional/successful/straight + person] Poynxema twintwimaw kude canpi pye zayxema kudemi = How many members of the labor union were professionals and how many were hobbyists? [index]
poynxwa - at an angle to, not parallel to. [Etym: professional/successful/straight + antonym of relational locative] Ki poynxwama voto zupa pa = The shed is slightly at an angle to the house. [index]
poynxwi - skilled/skillful, proficient, good, adept, deft, adroit, competent, capable, able, experienced, qualified. [Etym: professional/successful/straight + abstract performance attribute] [index]
pu - book, volume, tome. [Etym: "-pu" is the 'social item' classifier] [index]
punfe - park, common(s). [Etym: public/social/communal + infrastructure] [index]
punpa - library, a place, typically a single building, that has a large collection of books. [Etym: book + building/business/site] [index]
pwanki - present-perfective disjunct. [Etym: perfective + present tense] This is the present-perfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
pwanpya - past-perfective disjunct. [Etym: perfective + past tense] Pwanpya is synonymous with pya. [index]
pwantwe - future-perfective disjunct. [Etym: perfective + future tense] Pwantwe is synonymous with twe. [index]
pwanxoy - tenseless-perfective disjunct. [Etym: perfective + unspecified tense] This is the tenseless-perfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
pya - past-perfective disjunct. [Etym: "-pya" is the 'past tense' classifier] Use the past-perfect disjunct "pya" to override the default when it is not past-perfect. This will typically occur when a conjunction links two clauses with different tenses: See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
pyadoyme - earlier, previously. [index]
pyadoymi - predecessor, precursor, forerunner, vanguard, prelude. Use "pyamaw" if a focus must be specified, as in "the precursor of modern music". [index]
pyadoymo - earlier, previous, preceding, prior. [index]
pyama - precede, happen before, occur before, be before. [index]
pyame - before, by the time (of), prior to. [index]
pyankaw - ancestor. [Etym: past tense + kinship] [index]
pyanku - previous, last, previous member of a sequence. [Etym: past tense + n + numeric] [index]
pye - and, plus. [Etym: "-pye" is the 'true conjunction' classifier] [index]
Pyedoyma - Furthermore, ..., Moreover, ..., Additionally, ..., In addition (to that), ..., Plus, ..., Besides, .... Note that Pyedoyma is a verbal disjunct and takes a single clause for an argument. [index]
pyema - supplement, be a supplement to, be in addition to. [index]
pyemay - more, again, in addition. [index]
pyeme - in addition (to). [index]
pyemi - supplement, addition, something more. [index]
pyemo - additional, another, more, in addition (to), other, some more. [index]
pyeson - also, too, as well. [index]
pyo - toilet. [Etym: "-pyo" is the 'other device' classifier] [index]
pyonkwa - instruction, direction, information about how to do something. [Etym: automatic/mechanical/complex + protocol] Xada pyonxe tunfa lipyonkwa gikyo = The technician will give you the instructions later. [index]
pyonxe - technician. [Etym: automatic/mechanical/complex + group member] Boncudan pyonxe to tantaynpyo tunkyo-kyamay = A technician fixed the television yesterday. [index]
pyu - here, at this location. [Etym: "-pyu" is the 'locative deictic' classifier] [index]
pyudin - come (here), cause oneself to become here. [index]
pyusin - stay (here), tarry. [index]
ta - sparrow. [Etym: "-ta" is the 'bird' classifier] Ta includes all members of genus Passer. [index]
tanca - fly, keep oneself airborne. [Etym: blue/sky/high + activity] [index]
tanci - attic, garret, loft. [Etym: blue/sky/high + room] Gepo pinfyo fa tantaynpyo pe kemu tanci tomin cunxe = I should have sold the old television in the attic to the engineer. [index]
tanfo - ceiling. [Etym: blue/sky/high + other artificial item] Juka ki zayko Lajonxe boci toman tanfo tanfyu = John doesn't like the bathroom because of the low ceiling. [index]
tanfyu - low, at a relatively small altitude. [Etym: blue/sky/high + antonym scalar non-relational state] Juka ki zayko Lajonxe boci toman tanfo tanfyu = John doesn't like the bathroom because of the low ceiling. [index]
tanke - above, over. [Etym: blue/sky/high + relational locative] Tantoydun tantaw tanke litayntaw = The sky turned blue above the mountains. [index]
tankyu - lift, pick up. [Etym: blue/sky/high + other action] Juka tankyu Lajonxe bikonpu co toman caw jonhi xe bonco zukoy tunke lipyonxe = John didn't lift the big encyclopedia because he was the least strong person among the technicians. [index]
tanpa - skyscraper, a very tall building. [Etym: blue/sky/high + building] [index]
tanpe - high, elevated, lofty, at a relatively great altitude. [Etym: blue/sky/high + measurable scalar non-relational state] Ki xasu jeci taynfo tanpe tunku to pye jefo co vuku to = The hallway has two high windows and five big doors. [index]
tanpi - airline (company), air service. [Etym: blue/sky/high + group/organization] Kade zupya xada tanpi canpi pinkwa jupinkomo to = Did the airline just give the labor union a generous contract? [index]
tantaw - sky. [Etym: blue/sky/high + natural location] Tantoydun tantaw tanke litayntaw = The sky turned blue above the mountains. [index]
tantaynpyo - television (set), TV. [Etym: blue/sky/high + see/vision/clear + other device] Boncudan pyonxe to tantaynpyo tunkyo-kyamay = A technician fixed the television yesterday. Tayntuma botawntaw voxwamu licintaw tomi xa tay fa tohi kyuswa lutantaynpyo = The shore near the caves looked like something that I saw on television. [index]
tantenpyo - radio (receiver), wireless. [Etym: blue/sky/high + language/speech/hearing/sound + other device] [index]
tanti - airplane, plane, aircraft. [Etym: blue/sky/high + vehicle] [index]
tantinpa - airport, airfield, airdrome. [Etym: airplane + building/business/site] [index]
tantoy - blue [the color]. [Etym: blue/sky/high + color] Tantoydun tantaw tanke litayntaw = The sky turned blue above the mountains. [index]
tanxe - pilot, airman, aviator, flier. [Etym: blue/sky/high + person] [index]
tanxunpi - air force/air corps. [Etym: blue/sky/high + military] [index]
tanxwa - under, below, beneath, underneath. [Etym: blue/sky/high + antonym of relational locative] [index]
taw - land, terra firma, ground. [Etym: "-taw" is the 'natural location' classifier] [index]
tawnca - camp (out), go camping. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + activity] Tawnca lixe pinkay bikoy ke taw xa lixe pinco bikoy = The poorest people camped on the wealthiest people's land. [index]
tawnco - pristine, untouched, wild, virgin, unsullied, undeveloped, native, natural, in its natural state. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + scalar non-relational state] Ki tawncoma fentaw pye ponko xe geku to tawnfedanse fenhi = The peninsula is pristine and a lot of people want to change it into a nature preserve. [index]
tawncu - natural, occurring in nature, not artificial. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + binary non-relational state] Ki tawncuma luzaypwe pye lutayntaw gapye tawnfawma lucenkwi pye lutanci = Dogs and mountains are natural but thermometers and attics are artificial. [index]
tawnfaw - artificial, man-made, synthetic, unnatural, not occurring in nature. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + opposite binary non-relational state] Ki tawncuma luzaypwe pye lutayntaw gapye tawnfawma lucenkwi pye lutanci = Dogs and mountains are natural but thermometers and attics are artificial. [index]
tawnfe - nature preserve, reserve, reservation, park, sanctuary. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + infrastructure] Ki tawncoma fentaw pye ponko xe geku to tawnfedanse fenhi = The peninsula is pristine and a lot of people want to change it into a nature preserve. [index]
tawnkay - developed, modified from its natural state to a state suitable for man's needs. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + antonym scalar non-relational state] Panca taynta geku to pyu pyame tawnkaydanso pantaw = A lot of owls lived here before the island was developed. [index]
tawnkwe - tame, not feral or wild. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + opposite living entity attribute] [index]
tawnkya - hectare, a unit of land area measure equal to 10,000 square meters (= 2.471 acres). [Etym: land + measure] Te fa tawnxe twe jupinfyo fa tawnkya tunku to = I told the realtor that I'll buy two hectares. [index]
tawnxay - wild, feral, undomesticated, untamed, savage. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + living entity attribute] [index]
tawnxe - realtor, land broker, real estate agent/broker. [Etym: land + group member] Te fa tawnxe twe jupinfyo fa tawnkya tunku to = I told the realtor that I'll buy two hectares. [index]
tay - see, behold, perceive with the eye(s). [Etym: "-tay" is the 'physical relationship' classifier] [index]
taynca - read, understand the meaning of written symbols. [Etym: see/evident/bright + activity] [index]
taynfo - window. [Etym: see/evident/bright + other artificial item] [index]
taynka - evidentiality modal disjunct. [Etym: evidentiality + epistemic modal] This is the evidentiality modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
taynkade - interrogative evidentiality modal disjunct. See taynka. [index]
taynkadomo - plausible, conceivable, reasonable, justifiable. [index]
taynkama - accept as possible, admit the possibility of. (The agent admits the possibility of the focus because there may be evidence or reason in support.) [index]
taynke - in front of, ahead of. [Etym: see/evident/bright + relational locative] Note that "taynke" is a LOCATIVE case tag, NOT a temporal one. [index]
taynko - imagine, visualize, picture, fancy, see in one's mind. [Etym: see/evident/bright + mental state] Ki taynko fa kya ponco geku to tomun pi foy = I'm imagining many good days for my business. [index]
taynkwe - asleep, sleeping, slumbering. [Etym: see/evident/bright + opposite living entity attribute] [index]
taynkwedun - fall asleep, go to sleep, drop off, doze off, drowse off. Cudan taynxo taynkwedun fa = The movie made me fall asleep. [index]
taynkwi - glasses, spectacles, eyeglasses. [Etym: see/evident/bright + tool/instrument] [index]
taynpa - museum. [Etym: see/evident/bright + building/business/site] [index]
taynpyo - lamp. [Etym: see/evident/bright + other device] [index]
taynta - owl. [Etym: see/evident/bright + bird] Taynta includes all members of order Strigiformes. Panca taynta geku to pyu pyame tawnkaydanso pantaw = A lot of owls lived here before the island was developed. [index]
tayntaw - mountain/mount, alp. [Etym: see/evident/bright + natural location] Tantoydun tantaw tanke litayntaw = The sky turned blue above the mountains. [index]
tayntuma - resemble, look like. [Etym: see/evident/bright + other scalar relational state] Tayntuma botawntaw voxwamu licintaw tomi xa tay fa tohi kyuswa lutantaynpyo = The shore near the caves looked like something that I saw on television. Tayntuma fu bizafu to gapye funtuse lubonfu = The food looked like a pizza but tasted like bread. [index]
taynxay - awake, up, conscious. [Etym: see/evident/bright + living entity attribute] [index]
taynxaydun - wake (up), awake(n). Juka po twe taynxaydun conpwe toman juka ki xayma conhi = The bear can't wake up because it isn't alive. [index]
taynxo - movie, motion picture, film, flick. [Etym: see/evident/bright + complete performance] Juka ki conko fa taynxo xa tay fa taynhi ke taynxonpa kyo-kyamay = I don't understand the movie that I saw at the movie theater today. [index]
taynxonpa - movie theater, cinema, movies. [Etym: movie + building/business/site] Juka ki conko fa taynxo xa tay fa taynhi ke taynxonpa kyo-kyamay = I don't understand the movie that I saw at the movie theater today. [index]
taynxwa - behind, in back of. [Etym: see/evident/bright + antonym of relational locative] Note that "taynxwa" is a LOCATIVE case tag, NOT a temporal one. [index]
te - tell, notify, say to, declare, convey to, state to, communicate to, inform, give notice to. [Etym: "-te" is the 'speech act' classifier] [index]
tea - chair. [Etym: "-tea" is the 'furniture' classifier] [index]
teanci - living room, parlor, sitting room, drawing room. [Etym: chair/sit/folded + room] [index]
teankwe - kneeling (down), on one's knees. [Etym: chair/sit/folded + opposite living entity attribute] [index]
teanxay - sitting (down), seated, in a sitting position. [Etym: chair/sit/folded + living entity attribute] [index]
tedan - speak to, talk to. [index]
tedaw - discuss, talk about, confer about. [index]
tedawdwa - discussion, conversation, dialogue, talk, chatting. [index]
tedoy - say, utter, speak. Use tedoy when the patient is known from context. Otherwise, use tesoy. [index]
tedwa - statement, utterance, remark, comment. [index]
tenca - speak (publicly), give or deliver a speech or talk. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + activity] [index]
tencadwa - speech, talk, oration, address. [index]
tenco - talkative, garrulous, loquacious, verbose. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + scalar non-relational state] [index]
tencoy - vocal cords, voice box, larynx. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + organ] [index]
tenfay - word, lexeme, minimal free speech form. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + performance component] [index]
tenfe - forum, a public meeting place for discussions. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + other artificial location] [index]
tenfwe - bullhorn, an electric megaphone. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + electrical transducer] [index]
tenfye - laryngitis, inflammation of the larynx. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + illness] [index]
tenkay - quiet, taciturn, reticent, reserved, indisposed to talk much. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + antonym scalar non-relational state] Twe ponkonca fa pye tenkayma tunfa = I'll study and you'll be quiet. [index]
tenkwa - language, tongue, lingua. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + protocol] [index]
tenkwi - megaphone, speaking horn or trumpet. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + non-powered tool/instrument] [index]
tenpoy - linguistics, the field/study/practice of linguistics. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + profession/activity] Po ki zaypoyma tenpoy gapye bipo poyma bonpoy = Linguistics can be a hobby but medicine has to be a profession. [index]
tenpu - dictionary, wordbook, lexicon. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + book] Pinpesu tenpu tunpye konpu gekoymi tomande = Why did the dictionary cost more than the textbook? [index]
tenpyo - telephone, phone. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + other device] [index]
tenta - parrot. [Etym: speech + bird] Tenta includes all members of family Psittacidae, including parakeets, lorikeets, cockatoos, and macaws. [index]
tentay - hear, perceive with the ears. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + physical relationship] [index]
tentuma - sound like, having a sound like or similar to. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + other scalar relational state] Ki tentuma tunfa zayko gekoy tunfa cenpoy tunpye konpoy = You sound like you liked fire fighting more than teaching. [index]
tenxe - linguist, specialist in the study of language. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + group member] [index]
tenxo - account, report, rendition, depiction, chronicle. [Etym: language/speech/hearing/sound + complete performance] Ki cinko bonxe tinxo gapye ponkose tentayse tenxo tunfoy = The doctor remembers the trip but wants to hear your account. [index]
tesi - speak, use speech. Use tesi for speaking a language: For "speak to", use tedan. [index]
ti - automobile, car, auto. [Etym: "-ti" is the 'vehicle' classifier] [index]
tinca - go, travel. [Etym: vehicle/go/move/fast + activity] [index]
tinci - garage, carbarn, coach or carriage house. [Etym: vehicle/go/move/fast + room] [index]
tinfe - parking lot. [Etym: vehicle/go/move/fast + infrastructure] [index]
tinfyu - slow, leisurely, having a low rate of motion or activity. [Etym: vehicle/go/move/fast + antonym measurable scalar non-relational state] [index]
tinpa - gas station, filling station, service station. [Etym: vehicle/go/move/fast + building/business/site] [index]
tinpe - fast, quick, having a high rate of motion or activity. [Etym: vehicle/go/move/fast + measurable scalar non-relational state] [index]
tinpu - license plate. [Etym: vehicle/go/move/fast + social item] Ponkaynfyoso litinpu xa centi kemu tinfe kemu konpa = The license plates of the firetruck in the parking lot at the school were stolen. [index]
tinxe - mechanic, one who repairs and maintains vehicles and other mechanical items. [Etym: vehicle/go/move/fast + group member] Kade gekama tunfa twe ponko tinxe tunfyose litwinkwi tinho = Did you think that the mechanic will want to share his tools? [index]
tinxo - trip, journey, voyage, jaunt, excursion. [Etym: vehicle/go/move/fast + complete performance] [index]
to - a/an, some, any. [Etym: "-to" is the 'true generic' classifier] Ki ponko livoxe zaypwe to = The children want a dog. Ponconfyo jukaw foy litenpyo pe tomin lixe pinkay to = My father donated the old telephones to some poor people. This is the indefinite article and is fully described in the reference manual. [index]
todaw - each other, one another. [index]
today - without. This is the anti-comitative (i.e. non-subject) case tag. Luyejuka cinkedamoy kontea canti today fa = Please don't put the desk in the truck without me. [index]
tode - which, what. [index]
toden - with [comitative], along with. This is the comitative (i.e. cosubject) case tag. [index]
todendoy - along. See also toden. [index]
todya - measure, gauge, quantify, valuate, assess, assay. [index]
todyo - remove (F from P), extract, excise, eliminate, delete, expurgate, subtract, withdraw, deduct, reduce (P by F), decrease, take (F out of P). [index]
toman - because (of). This is the secondary agent case tag. [index]
tomande - why [interrogative], for what reason. Kyusi zikaw tunfoy bikumi cinke funci tomande = Why did your sister do everything in the dining room? [index]
tomay - somehow. Tomay can be used to modify adjectives or adverbs. [index]
tomi - something, someone, anything, anyone. Use the generic form lutomi to represent the English word "things/stuff": Tayntuma botawntaw voxwamu licintaw tomi xa tay fa tohi kyuswa lutantaynpyo = The shore near the caves looked like something that I saw on television. [index]
tomide - what (interrogative noun). [index]
tomin - to, from. This is the recipient/donor exchange case tag, and its translation depends on whether the agent-patient is giving or getting the focus. See also toswa. [index]
tomun - for [beneficiary case tag]. This is the secondary patient case tag. See also tosan. [index]
Tomwe! - Say there!, Hey!, Ahoy!, attempt to get someone's attention. Tomwe is a stand-alone sentence and takes no arguments. [index]
tosan - for, to, towards. Use tosan instead of tomun when the secondary patient is definitely affected by the event. [index]
tosay - self, oneself. [index]
tosaymo - own, pertaining to oneself. [index]
tosen - add (F to P), increase (P by F), extend, augment, supplement. [index]
toso - by [passive]. This is the passive voice case tag. [index]
tosoy - of. This is the anti-passive voice case tag. Since English doesn't have an anti-passive, an oblique argument has to be converted to a core argument unless the English equivalent is inherently anti-passive (eg. 'listen to', 'shout at'). [index]
toswa - for, in exchange for. Use "toswa" to represent English "for" with exchange verbs. See also tomin. [index]
toy - colored, hued, in color, having color. [Etym: "-toy" is the 'color' classifier] [index]
toydan - color [verb], cause something to have color. [index]
toynca - paint, take part in the activity of painting. [Etym: color + activity] [index]
toyncu - colorful, variegated, having a lot of color(s). [Etym: color + binary non-relational state] [index]
toynfaw - colorless, hueless, lacking color. [Etym: color + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
toynpu - painting, mural, canvas (that has been painted on). [Etym: color + social item] [index]
toynxe - painter, one who paints for a profession. [Etym: color + group member] [index]
tu - of, about, for, involved with, having to do with. [Etym: "-tu" is the 'other scalar relationship' classifier] TBD: "article about the election", "recipe for cake", "people involved with drugs". [index]
tudaw - mutual, reciprocal, correlative. [index]
tudi - take (on), get oneself involved with, adopt [in a general, not legal, sense], cause oneself to become associated/involved (with). [index]
tudu - come into/by, come to have something to do with, become associated/involved (with). [index]
tuma - have something to do with, have an unspecified association or relationship with. [index]
tumo - associated, corresponding, related, involved. [index]
tunfa - you. [Etym: two + personal pronoun] This is the second person pronoun and always refers to the listener. Use li- to refer to more than one listener: TBD [index]
tunfoy - your. [Etym: two + personal possessive adjective] This is the second person genitive adjective and always refers to the listener. Use li- to refer to more than one listener: TBD [index]
tunfyo - share, use or benefit from something with others. [Etym: involvement/together/help + exchange/swap/transfer] Kade gekama tunfa twe ponko tinxe tunfyose litwinkwi tinho tomin tunfa = Did you think that the mechanic will want to share his tools with you? [index]
tungweku - secondary, second in importance, rank, or value. [Etym: two + N-ary + numeric] [index]
tunke - among(st), in the midst of, amid, in the thick of, with, together with. [Etym: involvement/together/help + relational locative] [index]
tunki - present-continuative disjunct. [Etym: continuative + present tense] This is the present-continuative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
tunko - undecided, vacillating, of two minds, indecisive. [Etym: two + mental state] Keep in mind that tunko is a verb, not an adjective. For the adjective form, use tunkomo. [index]
tunku - two, both. [Etym: two + numeric] Tunku has the meaning 'both' only if the noun phrase is definite. [index]
tunkuson - twice, two times, on two occasions. [index]
tunkwi - scissors. [Etym: two + knife] [index]
tunkyo - earlier, already, at a time before now. [Etym: two + temporal deictic] [index]
tunkyo-kyamay - yesterday. [Etym: past/earlier + day] [index]
tunkyu - help (with), aid, assist, succor, abet, support, give or lend a hand. [Etym: involvement/together/help + other action] Cinkema tuntwi foy fenti gikyo tunkyume lipintwi = My assistant will be in the train later helping the customers. Since tunkyu is A/P-d, its object is the entity (typically living) who received the help. In general, the patient should NOT be the event, unless the speaker wants to emphasize that the event itself was somehow aided. In general, if the event is specified, it should be the focus: TBD. [index]
tunpinku - both, group of two. [Etym: two + group + numeric] Tunpinku is equivalent to English "both" only if it is singular and definite. Otherwise, it simply means 'group of two'. [index]
tunpya - past-continuative disjunct. [Etym: continuative + past tense] This is the past-continuative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
tunpye - than, as, compared with/to, comparative conjunction. [Etym: two/continuative/comparison + conjunction] Pinpesu tenpu tunpye konpu gekoymi tomande = Why did the dictionary cost more than the textbook? See also bikoy, gekoy, pankoy, vokoy, zukoy, and koyde. Refer to the reference manual for a thorough discussion of comparative constructions. [index]
tunpyu - there [near listener]. [Etym: two + locative deictic] [index]
tunte - advise, recommend, counsel, suggest. [Etym: involvement/together/help + speech act] [index]
tunti - bicycle. [Etym: two + vehicle] Gepo cinkeda zefa litunti zefoy zupa = We should have moved our bicycles into the shed. [index]
tuntwe - future-continuative disjunct. [Etym: continuative + future tense] This is the future-continuative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
tuntwi - assistant, aid/aide, attendant, right-hand man, auxiliary, helper. [Etym: involvement/together/help + social/political/business relation] Cinkema tuntwi foy fenti gikyo tunkyume lipintwi = My assistant will be in the train later helping the customers. [index]
tunvanku - double, two-in-one, two of a kind. [Etym: two + N-tuple + numeric] [index]
tunxi - that/those [near the listener]. [Etym: two + demonstrative adjective] [index]
tunxoy - tenseless-continuative disjunct. [Etym: continuative + unspecified tense] This is the tenseless-continuative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
tunxoysan - continue, keep an event ongoing. Do not confuse tunxoysan with gixoydan. Tunxoysan implies continuity of an event with no implication of interruption. Gixoydan implies the resumption of an event after an interruption. [index]
tunxoysun - continue (on), remain ongoing. [index]
tunxoysunme - still, continue to, something continues to be the case. [index]
tunzayku - second [in sequence]. [Etym: two + ordinal + numeric] [index]
tusi - stick with, keep oneself associated/involved with, maintain or continue one's relationship with. [index]
tusin - persevere, remain steadfast. [index]
twe - future-perfective disjunct. [Etym: "-twe" is the 'future tense' classifier] This is the future-perfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
twedoyme - afterwards, after that, then, later, next. [index]
twedoymo - subsequent, following, next, succeeding, future, happening in the future relative to an event known from context. [index]
twema - postdate, occur or happen after. [index]
tweme - after, since, subsequent to, once. [index]
twenkaw - descendent. [Etym: future tense + kinship] [index]
twenku - next, next member of a sequence. [Etym: future tense + n + numeric] [index]
twi - associate, colleague, confederate. [Etym: "-twi" is the 'social/economic/political/etc relationship' classifier] See also pantwi. [index]
twince - phenomenon. [Etym: generic member + natural phenomenon] [index]
twincoa - stuff, material, synthetic or artificial substance or material. [Etym: generic member + other artificial substance] Twincoa should only be used for artificial substances or materials. Use twinfya for natural substances or for general purpose use. [index]
twincwa - reptile. [Etym: generic member + reptile] Twincwa includes all members of class Reptilia. [index]
twincwi - energy. [Etym: generic member + other non-living energy] Twincwi includes all forms of physical energy, such as thermal energy, kinetic energy, nuclear energy, electrical energy, etc. [index]
twinfayu - animal. [Etym: generic member + other animal] Twinfayu includes all members of the animal kingdom. [index]
twinfe - location, place, spot. [Etym: generic member + artificial location] Twinfe implies a man-made location. For a more general word that can apply to both natural and artificial locations, use twintaw. [index]
twinfi - plant. [Etym: generic member + other plant] Twinfi includes all members of the plant kingdom. [index]
twinfo - thing, item, object, artificial thing. [Etym: generic member + other artificial item] Twinfo refers explicitly to man-made things. For natural things or for generic use, see twintyo. [index]
twinfya - stuff, substance. [Etym: generic member + other natural substance] See also twincoa. [index]
twinfye - illness, disease. [Etym: generic member + illness/disease] Twinfye includes all illnesses, mental and physical, but not the actual wounds, growths, rashes, etc associated with an illness. [index]
twinkea - amphibian. [Etym: generic member + amphibian] Twinkea includes all members of class Amphibia. [index]
twinkwi - tool, instrument, implement. [Etym: generic member + tool/instrument] Kade gekama tunfa twe ponko tinxe tunfyose litwinkwi tinho = Did you think that the mechanic will want to share his tools? [index]
twinkya - unit (of measure). [Etym: generic member + measure] [index]
twinpa - building, edifice, structure. [Etym: generic member + building/business/site] Ki cuma twinpa voku cawnto to fenke bofe = There are only a few buildings along the canal. [index]
twinpaw - fish. "Twinpaw" refers to all classes of phylum Vertebrata except Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. That is, it includes Pisces, Selachii, etc. [Etym: generic member + fish] [index]
twinpay - tree. [Etym: generic member + tree] Twinpay includes all softwood and hardwood trees. [index]
twinpi - group, organization, association, society. [Etym: generic member + group/organization] [index]
twinpwe - mammal. [Etym: generic member + mammal] Twinpwe includes all members of class Mammalia. [index]
twinpyo - device, mechanism, apparatus, appliance, piece of equipment, contrivance, instrument. [Etym: generic member + other device] [index]
twinta - bird, avian. [Etym: generic member + bird] [index]
twintaw - location, place, spot. [Etym: generic member + natural location] See also twinfe. [index]
twintea - furniture (piece of). [Etym: generic member + furniture] Cudan xede twintea giku xi = Who made these three pieces of furniture? Note that "twintea" is a count noun in Latenkwa even though "furniture" is a mass noun in English. Use the plural form to represent the English mass noun: Twe bontuma lizukaw foy pinfyose litwintea kyo-kyamay = My brothers will be ready to sell the furniture today. [index]
twinti - vehicle, conveyance, craft. [Etym: generic member + vehicle] [index]
twintwa - organ, body-part. [Etym: generic member + other organ or body part] Twintwa applies to any organ of an animal or plant. [index]
twintwi - member, fellow, associate, one who is part of a social/political/business group. [Etym: generic member + social/political/business relation] Poynxema twintwimaw kude canpi pye zayxema kudemi = How many members of the labor union were professionals and how many were hobbyists? [index]
twintyo - thing, item, object. [Etym: generic member + other natural thing] See also twinfo. [index]
twinxo - activity, deed, action, feat, performance. [Etym: generic member + complete performance] [index]
twinxwe - time, duration, period (of time). [Etym: generic member + time period] [index]
vanxoy - tenseless-habitual disjunct. [Etym: habitual + unspecified tense] This is the tenseless-habitual disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
vanxoyme - every (time), each (time). TBD: "every three weeks", "each time you shout". [index]
vanxoysan - do habitually, be in the habit of. [index]
vanxoysunme - usually, habitually, regularly, customarily, typically, routinely, on a regular basis. [index]
vanxoysunmi - habit, wont, custom, routine, convention. [index]
vanxoysunmo - typical, usual, habitual, regular, customary, routine, conventional. [index]
vegifenkya - kilometer [unit of measurement]. [Etym: positive exponent + three + meter] [index]
vetu - by nature, inherently, having the nature, quality, or characteristics of. [Etym: inherent/characteristic + other scalar relational state] [index]
vetude - what kind of [interrogative], being what by nature. [index]
vika - reasonableness modal disjunct. [Etym: reasonableness + epistemic modal] This is the reasonableness modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
vobapo - low necessity modal disjunct. [Etym: low polarity + necessity + deontic modal] See bapo. [index]
vobeka - low inevitability modal disjunct. [Etym: low polarity + inevitability + epistemic modal] See beka. [index]
vobonpa - doctor's office. [Etym: low polarity + healthy/strong/functional/ready + building/business/site] Tinca tinxe kedume vobonpa toman bikama tinhi bonkwema tinhi = The mechanic went to the doctor's office because he believed that he was sick. [index]
vobopwe - dolphin, porpoise. [Etym: low polarity + water/liquid/clean/translucent + mammal] "Vobopwe" includes all members of families Delphinidae and Platanistidae. [index]
vobotaw - pool [natural], water hole. [Etym: low polarity + lake] [index]
vocenpe - warm [temperature], not that hot. [Etym: low polarity + hot] [index]
voconpo - low consequentiality modal disjunct. [Etym: low polarity + consequentiality + deontic modal] See conpo. [index]
vofintantoy - turquoise [the color]. [Etym: light + green + blue + color] [index]
vogaka - low hedge modal disjunct. [Etym: low polarity + hedge + epistemic modal] See gaka. [index]
vogoku - a small fraction of. [Etym: low polarity + fraction + numeric] [index]
vogweka - low significance modal disjunct. [Etym: low polarity + significance + epistemic modal] See gweka. [index]
vojoka - low acceptability modal disjunct. [Etym: low polarity + acceptability + epistemic modal] See joka. [index]
vojokama - disfavor, frown (up)on, deprecate. [index]
voka - low probability modal disjunct. [Etym: low polarity + epistemic modal] See ka. [index]
Vokado - Probably not, Not likely, That's probably not correct. Vokado is a complete sentence and takes no arguments. In reply to a statement, it indicates that the statement is probably not true. In reply to a question, it indicates that voka should have appeared in place of the question disjunct (typically kade). [index]
vokadomo - unlikely, improbable, dubious, in doubt. [index]
vokama - doubt, question, be doubtful about, have doubts about, be skeptical about, consider unlikely or improbable. See also votaynkama. [index]
vokami - skeptic, doubter. [index]
vokamo - skeptical, doubtful, doubting. Vokamo should be applied to a person who has doubts, not to an event. Use vokadomo for an event whose outcome is in doubt. [index]
vokonpa - elementary school, grammar school, primary school, grade school. [Etym: low polarity + school] [index]
vokoy - less, comparative modifier. [Etym: low polarity + particle] Cenpema vokoy pantaw tunpye fentaw = The island was less hot than the peninsula. See also tunpye. [index]
voku - few, little [quantity], a small amount or quantity, not too much, not too many. [Etym: low polarity + numeric] [index]
vokuson - occasionally, on occasion, from time to time, once in a while, not too often, a few times. [index]
vopinpu - coin, specie, unit of hard money. [Etym: low polarity + money] [index]
vopo - low obligation modal disjunct. [Etym: low polarity + deontic modal] See po. [index]
votaynka - low evidentiality modal disjunct. [Etym: low polarity + evidentiality + epistemic modal] See taynka. [index]
votaynkadomo - problematic, dubious, unlikely due to the paucity of evidence or reason. [index]
votaynkama - doubt, question, be skeptical, consider unlikely due to the paucity of evidence or reason. See also vokama. [index]
votaynkamo - skeptical, doubtful, doubting, skeptical due to the paucity of evidence or reason. [index]
votenfay - morpheme, a meaningful component of a word. [Etym: low polarity + word] [index]
votenpyo - intercom. [Etym: low polarity + language/speech/hearing/sound + other device] [index]
voto - slightly, not too, a little, a bit, to a small or low degree. [Etym: low polarity + true generic root] Ki poynxwama voto zupa pa = The shed is slightly at an angle to the house. [index]
votomo - mere, meager, slight, low, weak, of a small or low degree. [index]
votunkyo - a little while ago. [Etym: low polarity + earlier/previously] [index]
votwe - soon, in the near future, in a short time from now. [Etym: low polarity + future tense] Keep in mind that votwe is a disjunct, not an adverb! See also twe. [index]
votwi - subordinate, underling, inferior, subaltern. [Etym: low polarity + social/political/business relation] [index]
voxe - child, youth, kid, a young person. [Etym: low polarity + person] Note that "voxe" cannot be used with the meaning 'offspring'. For that usage, see bakaw. [index]
voxenxay - stupid, dumb, obtuse, doltish, of low intelligence. [Etym: low polarity + intelligent] [index]
voxenxaymi - ignoramus, dolt, dunce, dope, dumbbell, someone of low intelligence. [index]
voxwa - near, close to. See also zuxwa. [Etym: low polarity + antonym of relational locative] Ki panca konxe pyu toman ki ponko konhi pancase voxwa punfe = The teacher lives here because he wants to live near the park. Xwenpya conxayma tantinpa kime xwenpya conkwema pinfe voxwamo = The airport was growing while the nearby marketplace was shrinking. [index]
vozayku - early, near the beginning (of a sequence), early in a sequence. [Etym: low polarity + ordinal + numeric] [index]
vufa - we/us. [Etym: five + personal pronoun] This is the exclusive first person pronoun and refers to the speaker and others not present, but excludes any listeners. [index]
vufoy - our. [Etym: five + personal possessive adjective] This is the exclusive first person genitive adjective and refers to the speaker and others not present, but excludes any listeners. [index]
vuku - five. [Etym: five + numeric] [index]
vukyo - later (in the indicated time period). [Etym: five + temporal deictic] Vukyo never appears alone. It must always be followed by a time-measure previous-word modifier and will represent a time after the current time but within the indicated time period. See also conkyo. [index]
vupyu - here or over there. [Etym: five + locative deictic] Note that vupyu explicitly excludes the location of the listener. [index]
xa - of (genitive), that (relative conjunction), which, who. [Etym: "xa" is the genitive/relative clause linker] See the reference manual sections 5.1.1 THE GENITIVE and Chapter 18.0 RELATIVE CLAUSES AND RESUMPTIVE PRONOUNS for in-depth discussions of the uses of "xa". [index]
xada - give, bequeath. [index]
xadi - obtain, accept, get, take. [index]
xadu - get, receive, come into/by. [index]
xasi - keep, retain (possession of). [index]
xasu - have, possess. [index]
xay - alive, living. [Etym: "-xay" is the 'living entity attribute' classifier] Juka po ki taynxaydun conpwe toman juka ki xayma conhi = The bear can't be waking up because it isn't alive. [index]
xaynko - eager (to/for), keen (about), enthusiastic, avid. [Etym: life/birth/active/energetic + mental state] Keep in mind that xaynko is a verb. Use xaynkomo for the adjective. [index]
xaynpoy - biology, the field/study/practice of biology. [Etym: life/birth/active/energetic + profession/activity] [index]
xayntaw - forest, wood(s)/woodland. [Etym: life/birth/active/energetic + natural location] [index]
xaynxe - biologist. [Etym: life/birth/active/energetic + group member] [index]
xe - person, individual, sentient being. [Etym: "-xe" is the 'group member' classifier] Ki xasu luxe konco juzaytwi juku to = Wise people have no enemies. [index]
xede - who/whom, which person. [index]
xenko - think about, give thought to, ponder, contemplate, consider, reflect on/about, cogitate. [Etym: head/thought/intelligence/top + mental state] [index]
xenkwe - mindless, non-intelligent, lacking intelligence. [Etym: head/thought/intelligence/top + opposite living entity attribute] [index]
xenxay - intelligent, having intelligence or mental acumen. [Etym: head/thought/intelligence/top + living entity attribute] [index]
xi - this/these [demonstrative]. [Etym: "-xi" is the 'demonstrative adjective' classifier] [index]
xo - performance, production, show, presentation, engagement. [Etym: "-xo" is the 'complete performance' classifier] Ki caw lixo penkwa pe to = The performances are an old tradition. [index]
xoncaw - substitute for, replace, supplant, take the place of, be a substitute/replacement for. [Etym: similar/approximate/comparison/substitute + binary relational state] [index]
xoncawme - instead of, rather than, in place of, in lieu of. [index]
xonkoy - reference-switching particle. [Etym: similar/approximate/comparison/substitute + particle] [index]
xonpye - or (else), either .. or. [Etym: similar/approximate/comparison/substitute + conjunction] [index]
Xonpyedoyma - Otherwise, ..., Alternatively, .... Note that Xonpyedoyma is a verbal disjunct and takes a single clause for an argument. [index]
xonpyemo - alternative, other, else. [index]
xontu - like, similar to, analogous to. [Etym: similar/approximate/substitute + other scalar relationship] [index]
xontudaw - similar [to each other], alike. See also xontu. [index]
Xontudoyma - Similarly, ..., Likewise, ..., In like manner, .... Note that "Xontudoyma" is a verb that takes a single core argument, even though the English translation requires a fronted adverb. [index]
xontuma - be similar to, be like, resemble, have the appearance of being. [index]
xontusadoy - approximate, cause something known from context to be similar to. [index]
xontusi - imitate, copy, cause oneself to be similar to. [index]
xontuswa - like, similar to. See also xontu. [index]
xoydoyme - still, yet. [index]
xu - blood [body fluid]. [Etym: "-xu" is the 'plant/animal substance' classifier] [index]
xunbatoy - pink, reddish white. [Etym: red + white + color] [index]
xunca - fight, brawl, physically attack one another. [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + activity] [index]
xunfyu - low [in sound volume], quiet, faint, soft. [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + antonym measurable scalar non-relational state] [index]
xunke - across from, facing, opposite (to). [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + relational locative] See also fonke. [index]
xunko - angry (at/about), irate, furious, incensed, indignant, infuriated, mad. [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + mental state] Note that xunko is a verb, not an adjective! Use xunkomo for the adjective. [index]
xunkwi - weapon, arm. [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + tool/instrument] [index]
xunkyu - hit, stike, bash, whack, rap, smite, etc. [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + other action] [index]
xunpa - base (military). [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + building/business/site] [index]
xunpe - loud [in sound volume]. [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + measurable scalar non-relational state] [index]
xunpi - military [the organization]. [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + group/organization] [index]
xunpyo - gun, firearm. [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + other device] [index]
xuntay - allergic. [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + physical relationship] Note that xuntay is a P/F-s verb meaning 'to be allergic to'. Use xuntaymo or xuntaymu for the adjective. [index]
xunte - shout (at/to), yell (at), holler (at). [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + speech act] [index]
xuntoy - red. [Etym: red + color] [index]
xuntwi - opponent, adversary, antagonist, foe. [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + social/political/business relation] [index]
xunxe - soldier, warrior, serviceman. [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + group member] [index]
xunxo - war, armed conflict. [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + complete performance] [index]
xunxwa - beside, alongside, at/by/to the side of. [Etym: violence/military/conflict/anger/opposition + antonym of relational locative] [index]
xunxwadaw - side-by-side, abreast, at each other's side. [index]
xwa - away from, not at. [Etym: "-xwa" is the 'antonym relational locative' classifier] [index]
xwada - remove from, move away from, cause to be away from. [index]
xwadan - remove, move away, cause to be away. [index]
xwadasay - send away, move away, get rid of, dismiss, dispatch, expel, cause patient to become away from oneself. [index]
xwadi - leave, depart, go from, head out from, take one's leave from, cause oneself to become away from. [index]
xwadu - get away from, become not at. [index]
xwadume - from, away from. [index]
xwadusoy - away, elsewhere, someplace else, somewhere else, to an unspecified place. See also xwasoy. [index]
xwasa - keep away from/out of, cause to remain away from. [index]
xwasan - keep away/out, hold off or at bay, cause to remain away. [index]
xwasasay - keep away (from oneself), cause patient to stay away from oneself. [index]
xwasi - stay away from, remain away from, avoid, keep oneself away from. Tinca fa kedume pa gapye xwasidoy tunfa = I went to the house but you stayed away. [index]
xwasin - stay away/out, keep oneself away. Tinca fa kedume pa gapye xwasin tunfa = I went to the house but you stayed away. Note that anti-middle "xwasidoy" can be used in place of "xwasin" with exactly the same meaning. [index]
xwasoy - elsewhere, someplace else, somewhere else, away from an unspecified place. See also xwadusoy. [index]
xwenki - present-imperfective disjunct. [Etym: imperfective + present tense] Xwenki is synonymous with ki. [index]
xwenpe - long [temporal], lengthy, protracted, prolonged, long-lasting. [Etym: long/time/temporal + measurable scalar non-relational state] [index]
xwenpedya - time, measure the duration of. [index]
xwenpesu - last [temporal], go on, take. [index]
xwenpesume - for (a period/duration of), lasting. [index]
xwenpya - past-imperfective disjunct. [Etym: imperfective + past tense] This is the past-imperfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
xwentwe - future-imperfective disjunct. [Etym: imperfective + future tense] This is the future-imperfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
xwenxoy - tenseless-imperfective disjunct. [Etym: imperfective + unspecified tense] This is the tenseless-imperfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
zabukaw - nephew, sibling's son. [Etym: sibling's son + kinship] [index]
zakaw - sibling, brother or sister. [Etym: sibling + kinship] [index]
zakunkaw - brother-in-law, sibling's male spouse. [Etym: sibling's husband + kinship] [index]
zayco - friendly, amiable/amicable, congenial, agreeable, pleasant. [Etym: enjoy/fun/friend + scalar non-relational state] Ki zayko fa tantinpa toman ki zaycoma lixe = I like the airport because the people are friendly. [index]
zaykay - unfriendly, unamicable, uncordial, unsociable, hostile. [Etym: enjoy/fun/friend + antonym scalar non-relational state] [index]
zayko - like, enjoy, delight in, relish, be pleased with. [Etym: enjoy/fun/friend + mental state] Ki zayko fa tantinpa toman ki zaycoma lixe = I like the airport because the people are friendly. [index]
zaykomo - pleased (with), delighted, thrilled, gratified, appreciative. [index]
zayku - sequential, ranked, graded, in a row, in (a) sequence. [Etym: ordinal + numeric] [index]
zaypoy - hobby, avocation, sideline, pastime, spare-time activity. [Etym: enjoy/fun/friend + profession/activity] Po ki zaypoyma tenpoy gapye bipo poyma bonpoy = Linguistics can be a hobby but medicine has to be a profession. [index]
zaypwe - dog. [Etym: enjoy/fun/friend + mammal] Zaypwe includes all breeds of Canis familiaris. [index]
zaytwi - friend, buddy, pal, chum, comrade, intimate. [Etym: enjoy/fun/friend + social/political/business relation] [index]
zayxe - hobbyist, enthusiast. [Etym: enjoy/fun/friend + person] Poynxema twintwimaw kude canpi pye zayxema kudemi = How many members of the labor union were professionals and how many were hobbyists? [index]
zefa - we/us. [Etym: seven + personal pronoun] This personal pronoun refers to the speaker and other people, whether they are present or not. [index]
zefoy - our. [Etym: seven + personal possessive adjective] This genitive adjective refers to the speaker and other people, whether they are present or not. [index]
zeku - seven. [Etym: seven + numeric] [index]
zepye - if, as long as, in the event, provided (that), on condition, if it should happen that, etc. [Etym: contingency/entailment + conjunction] [index]
zepyede - What if ...?. [index]
zepyedwe - then [conditional]. Note that the word zepye meaning 'if' can NOT be used here even though English requires it. See also zepye. [index]
zepyedwema - imply, entail, connote, presuppose, mean, involve. [index]
zepyema - depend on, be contingent on, be conditional on. [index]
zepyeme - as long as, depending on, provided/providing (that), on condition (of), if. [index]
zepyu - somewhere, here, there, or yonder. [Etym: seven + locative deictic] [index]
zetoy - purple. [Etym: purple + color] [index]
zexi - the. [Etym: seven + demonstrative adjective] "Zexi" is the definite article 'the'. Since noun phrases in Latenkwa are definite by default, it is not needed very much. [index]
zexuntoy - magenta. [Etym: purple + red + color] [index]
zikaw - sister, female sibling. [Etym: sister + kinship] Kisi zikaw foy kya cinke boci = My sister spent the day in the bathroom. [index]
zito - about, approximately, circa, more or less. [Etym: approximate polarity + true generic root] [index]
zubace - flurries, snow flurries, light snowfall. [Etym: minimal polarity + snowfall] [index]
zubapo - minimal necessity modal disjunct. [Etym: minimal polarity + necessity + deontic modal] See bapo. [index]
zubeka - minimal inevitability modal disjunct. [Etym: minimal polarity + inevitability + epistemic modal] See beka. [index]
zubopwe - seal, sea lion. [Etym: minimal polarity + water/liquid/clean/translucent + mammal] "Zubopwe" includes all members of family Phocidae. [index]
zubotaw - puddle, small pool of liquid, typically temporary. [Etym: minimal polarity + lake] [index]
zucenpe - lukewarm, tepid, barely hot. [Etym: minimal polarity + hot] [index]
zuconpo - minimal consequentiality modal disjunct. [Etym: minimal polarity + consequentiality + deontic modal] See conpo. [index]
zufu - cookie, biscuit. [Etym: minimal polarity + food item] [index]
zugaka - minimal hedge modal disjunct. [Etym: minimal polarity + hedge + epistemic modal] See gaka. [index]
zugoku - almost none of, a tiny fraction of. [Etym: minimal polarity + fraction + numeric] [index]
zugweka - minimal significance modal disjunct. [Etym: minimal polarity + significance + epistemic modal] See gweka. [index]
zujoka - minimal acceptability modal disjunct. [Etym: minimal polarity + acceptability + epistemic modal] See joka. [index]
zuka - minimal probability modal disjunct. [Etym: minimal polarity + epistemic modal] See ka. [index]
zukaw - brother, male sibling. [Etym: brother + kinship] Twe bontuma lizukaw foy pinfyose litwintea kyo-kyamay = My brothers will be ready to sell the furniture today. [index]
zukonpa - kindergarten, preschool, nursery school. [Etym: minimal polarity + school] [index]
zukoy - least, comparative modifier. [Etym: minimal polarity + particle] Juka tankyu Lajonxe bikonpu co toman caw jonhi xe bonco zukoy tunke lipyonxe = John didn't lift the big encyclopedia because he was the least strong person among the technicians. See also tunpye. [index]
zuku - a very small quantity of, hardly any, very few, very little, almost no, a tiny or minimal amount or quantity, etc. [Etym: minimal polarity + numeric] [index]
zukuson - rarely, seldom, hardly ever, almost never, infrequently. [index]
zupa - shed, shack, small utility or storage building. [Etym: minimal polarity + building/business/site] Gepo cinkeda zefa litunti zefoy zupa = We should have moved our bicycles into the shed. [index]
zupinkaw - family, household, immediate family. [Etym: minimal polarity + kinfolk] See also pinkaw and kaw. [index]
zupo - minimal obligation modal disjunct. [Etym: minimal polarity + deontic modal] See po. [index]
zupya - just (a moment ago), just (before) now, very recently. [Etym: minimal polarity + past tense] Keep in mind that zupya is a disjunct, not an adverb! See also pya. [index]
zutaynka - minimal evidentiality modal disjunct. [Etym: minimal polarity + evidentiality + epistemic modal] See taynka. [index]
zutenfay - phoneme, smallest unit of recognizable speech. [Etym: minimal polarity + word] [index]
zutomo - minimum, minimal, negligible, inconsiderable, inconsequential, trifling, lowest, weakest, minimal in degree or magnitude. [index]
zutwe - very soon, in the very near future, be on the verge of. [Etym: minimal polarity + future tense] Keep in mind that zutwe is a disjunct, not an adverb! See also twe. [index]
zuxenxay - feebleminded, simpleminded, dim-witted, moronic, retarded, idiotic. [Etym: minimal polarity + intelligent] [index]
zuxenxaymi - idiot, simpleton, dullard, dimwit, nitwit, moron, imbecile, half-wit. [index]
zuxwa - next to, adjacent to, right at. See also voxwa. [Etym: minimal polarity + antonym of relational locative] [index]
zuzayku - initial,
leading, first, lowest in a sequence, at the very beginning of a
sequence. [Etym: minimal polarity + ordinal + numeric] [index]
Total number of entries: 1075.
This page was last updated Wednesday, June 2, 2004.