Before starting this lesson, you should re-read Chapters 13 and 14 of the reference manual.
luye- politeness marker
-kwi non-powered instruments and tools, including hand weapons (club, spear, bow, arrow, dagger, morning star, sword, pike, battle-ax, quarterstaff, tool, knife, hammer, key, glasses/ spectacles, scissors, pencil, telescope, brush, broom, fork, colander, whisk, ladle, thermometer, ruler, scale, towel, compass, level, calipers, gauge, hourglass, abacus, sponge, handkerchief) -twi social/economic/political/etc relationships, excluding kinship, default = P/F-s noun (friend, colleague, acquaintance, employee, enemy, member, guest, representative, assistant)
kwi - knife
cenkwi - thermometer, temperature indicator
funkwi - spoon
jekwi - key (to open a lock)
taynkwi - glasses, spectacles, eyeglasses
tunkwi - scissors
twinkwi - tool, instrument, implement
kwinco - sharp, keen, edged for cutting
kwinkay - dull, blunt, unsharp, unedged
kwinkyu - cut, slice, gash, incise
twi - colleague, associate, confederate
getwi - boss, chief, head, manager, supervisor, superior,
foreman, overseer
pantwi - co-worker, workfellow, fellow worker, colleague
votwi - subordinate, underling, inferior, subaltern
jutwi - stranger, outsider, alien, someone unknown
fontwi - agent, representative, spokesman, broker
twintwi - member, fellow, one who is part of a social/political/
business group
pintwi - customer, client, buyer, patron
zaytwi - friend, buddy, pal, chum, comrade, intimate
juzaytwi - enemy, foe, adversary, antagonist, opponent
kontwi - acquaintance, someone that one knows or has met
kontwima - know, be acquainted with, be an acquaintance of
cantwi - employee, hireling, jobholder, worker, laborer
cantwima - work for, have a job or employment with, be an
employee of
jucantwimo - unemployed, out-of-work, jobless
fonfe - bridge, viaduct, span
fonke - across, crossing, extending from one side to the other
fonkema - cross, traverse, pass over or across, extend across
fonko - sympathize with, empathize with, relate to
emotionally
panku - several, some, a moderate quantity
toso - by [oblique passive case tag]
pya - past-perfect tense-aspect disjunct
1. An imperative sentence can be created by using the part-of-speech suffix "-moy" on the verb:
Jecudanmoy taynfo.
Open the window.
Temoy konxe ki bonfawma kontea.
Tell the teacher that the desk is broken.
2. Add the politeness marking prefix "luye-" to the first word of a clause to get the effect of the English word "please":
Luyekade twe jefawdan tunfa taynfo?
Will you please close the window?
3. A noun anaphor can be converted to a genitive adjective by simply changing "-hi" to "-ho":
Ki zayko fa pa toman ki coma litaynfo paho.
I like the house because its windows are big.
Ki cinkema Lajonxe pye zaypwe jonho cenci.
John and his dog are in the kitchen.
4. In this lesson, we will practice with "toso", the oblique case tag for the passive voice. Here are some examples:
Jecudanso taynfo toso fa.
The window was opened by me.
Cinkodaso fa cenpyo bonfaw toso cencanxe.
I was reminded about the broken stove by the chef.
5. Use the past-perfect disjunct "pya" to override the default when it is not past-perfect. This will typically occur when a conjunction links two clauses with different tenses:
Ki tay fa livoxe gapye juka pya tentay fa vohi.
I see the children but I didn't hear them.
6. The social relationship classifier "-twi" is P/F-s because it is inherently relational. Because of this, the open noun suffix "-maw" will be especially useful with it:
Tentay lupintwimaw tinpa litwinti.
Customers of the gas station heard the vehicles.
Kontwima fa twintwimaw tunku to konpi.
I knew two members of the faculty.
The verb form is also useful, as in the second example. "Kontwima" is
just the verb form of the noun "kontwi", meaning 'acquaintance'.
Thus, it literally means 'to be an acquaintance of'.
Wise people have no enemies.
Ki xasu luxe konco juzaytwi juku to.
My doctor's office kept only one employee.
Xasi vobonpa foy cantwi baku to cawnto.
Why is John doing everything in the house?
Ki kyusi Lajonxe bikumi cinke pa tomande?
Mary asked me for her yellow books.
Ponte Laryaxe fa lipu centoy ryaho.
I like the airport because the people are friendly.
Ki zayko fa tantinpa toman ki zaycoma lixe.
The children were moved away from the clinic by the
technician.
Xwadaso livoxe bonpa toso pyonxe.
Stay at this hotel because it's inexpensive.
Kesimoy cinpa xi toman ki pinfyuma cinhi.
The boss made the building hot by closing the windows.
Cenpedan getwi twinpa kyuswa jefawdanse litaynfo.
Did the customers want the shopping mall to be built
far from the bus station?
Kade ponko lipintwi cunkyuso gepinpa gexwa continpa?
Please don't put the ninth desk in the open truck
without me.
Luyejuka cinkedamoy kontea byuzayku canti jecu today fa.
How much food was bought at the store by the children?
Jupinfyoso fu kude ke pinpa toso livoxe?
Mary is a friend of those five strangers in front of
the museum.
Ki zaytwima Laryaxe jutwi vuku jaxi taynkemu taynpa.
The expensive spoons and the dull knives are in the
kitchen near the telephone.
Ki cinkema lifunkwi pinpe pye likwi kwinkay cenci voxwa
tenpyo.
All vehicles should have stayed away from the road
crossing the old canal.
Gepo xwasi twinti biku fe fonkemu bofe pe.
The agent of the unemployed linguists is drinking next
to those very old antiques.
Ki boca fontwimaw litenxe jucantwimo zuxwa lipenpu pe
geto jaxi.
Did the farmer go to the restaurant with several hungry
students?
Kade tinca funxe kedume funpa toden ponkonxe funtaymo
panku to?
The cookies are edible but please don't eat that
colorless foul-tasting inedible bread.
Ki funcuma lizufu gapye luyejuka funcasimoy bonfu
funfaw funkay toynfaw jaxi.
[Note that we used AP/F-s "funcasi" since we're interested in
what the agent will do. If we wanted to emphasize what would
happen to the bread, we would have used A/P-d "funcadan".]
I'm studying Latenkwa because I want to work for a
linguist.
Ki ponkoncasi fa Latenkwa toman ki ponko fa cantwise
tenxe to.
The blue counter in the gas station should have been
lifted by eight strong adults.
Gepo tankyuso pintea tantoy cinkemu tinpa toso gexe
bonco finku to.
Did you remind the banker that the thermometer is in
the bathroom above the toilet?
Kade cinkoda tunfa pinpunpanxe ki cinkema cenkwi boci
tanke pyo?
The grateful poor people swallowed their sandwiches and
thanked me for them.
Funkyu lixe pinkay fyonkomo lifonfu xeho pye fyontese
fa fonhi.
I cut the tasty pizza with a sharp knife thinking about
an imaginary sparrow.
Kwinkyu fa bizafu funco kyuswa kwi kwinco to xenkome ta
faw to.
The pilot is afraid of me because I told some people
that I did something to his airplane.
Ki cenko tanxe fa toman te fa lixe to kyu fa tanti
tanho.
[Note that "tanho" can not refer to "tanti" because it makes
no sense for an anaphor to refer to the word it modifies (i.e.,
its own headword).]
Your subordinate didn't fix the furniture in the shed
because he didn't have the key.
Juka boncudan votwi tunfoy litwintea cinkemu zupa toman
juka xasu vohi jekwi.
The labor union wants to keep track of its members
under the bridge near the park.
Ki ponko canpi kosise litwintwi canho tanxwamu fonfe
voxwamu punfe.
I heard the flying airplane but I didn't see it because
I didn't have my glasses.
Tentay fa tanti tancamo gapye juka tay fa tanhi toman
juka xasu fa taynkwi foy.
An acquaintance told me that a colored fence crosses
the parking lot outside the marketplace.
Te kontwi to fa ki fonkema panfo toy to tinfe cinxwamu
pinfe.
There are some tools and a few pairs of scissors above
the textbooks and the dictionary.
Ki cuma litwinkwi to pye tunkwi voku to tanke likonpu
pye tenpu.
Your colleagues know me because they haggled with me
about my big colorful painting.
Ki kontwima litwi tunfoy fa toman pinte twihi fa toynpu
toyncu co foy.
I sympathize with your co-workers in the hospital but
they shouldn't have gone to the train station.
Ki fonko fa lipantwi tunfoy cinkemu gebonpa gapye gepo
juka pya tinca panhi kedume fenpa.