Before starting this lesson, you should re-read Chapter 9 of the reference manual.
-xwa antonyms of relational locatives (away from, under, to the right of, to the south of) -faw opposites of other binary non-relational states (closed, imaginary, crooked, hidden, down, horizontal, solid, fake, dysfunctional/broken, artificial, opaque, colorless, partial/incomplete)
xwa - away from, not at
gexwa - far (away) from, distant from
voxwa - near, close to
zuxwa - next to, right at, adjacent to
taynxwa - behind, in back of
tanxwa - under, below, beneath, underneath
cinxwa - outside of, out of, not in(side)
faw - imaginary, nonexistent, fictitious, not real or actual
toynfaw - colorless, hueless, lacking color
jecu - open, accessible, allowing passage or access
jefaw - closed, shut, inaccessible, not allowing passage or
access
bonfaw - broken, dysfunctional, in disrepair, out of order,
not in working order
pinpa - store, shop, mart [retail]
gepinpa - shopping mall, mall, shopping center
pinpanxe - storekeeper, shopkeeper, merchant, dealer, retailer
continpa - bus station/depot
bonpa - clinic [medical]
gebonpa - hospital
vobonpa - doctor's office
tinpa - gas station, filling station, service station
tantinpa - airport, airfield, airdrome
cinpa - hotel, inn, hospice, roadhouse
pinca - shop, go shopping
pinte - haggle, dicker, negotiate, bargain
pintea - counter, checkout (counter), table or other flat
surface over which business transactions are
conducted
jaku - six
biku - all, every
bikumi - everything, all things
voku - few, little [quantity], a small amount or quantity,
not too much, not too many
kyuswa - with, by (means of), via, on [instrumental case tag]
1. The A/P-d suffix "-dan" can also be used with activities:
Ki koncadan tenxe lixe jaxi.
The linguist is teaching those people.
If the verb needs a focus, the A/P/F-d suffix "-da" can be used:
Ki koncada tenxe lixe jaxi Latenkwa.
The linguist is teaching those people Latenkwa.
2. The English translation of the case tag "kyuswa" depends on the nature of its argument:
Bonfawdan fa taynfo kyuswa tea to.
I broke the window with a chair.
Tinca zefa kedume konpa kyuswa conti.
We went to the school on the bus.
But note the difference when the generic noun prefix "lu-" is used:
Tinca zefa kedume konpa kyuswa luconti.
We went to the school by bus.
When the argument is a clause, the verb should use the infinitive suffix "-se" to indicate that its subject is the same as the main verb:
Cenkoda fa konxe fa kyuswa bonfawdanse taynfo.
I made the teacher afraid of me by breaking the window.
3. Use the semi-root "-zay" to convert a number to an ordinal:
Ki ponko fa kontea tunzayku.
I want the second desk.
4. Most English prepositions can be used as case tags or as open noun modifiers (i.e. open adjectives). In Latenkwa, however, we must use the part-of-speech suffix "-mu" to convert a case tag to an open noun:
Tay fa pinpanxe cinke cinpa.
I saw the merchant in the hotel.
[The "seeing" definitely took place in the hotel.]
Tay fa pinpanxe cinkemu cinpa.
I saw the merchant in the hotel.
[The merchant was in the hotel at one time or other.
The "seeing", however, may have occurred elsewhere.]
Note that the English sentences are ambiguous. The Latenkwa sentences are never ambiguous.
5. In this lesson, we introduce two more 'opposite' classifiers: "-xwa" (the opposite of "-ke") and "-faw" (the opposite of "-cu"). Here they are together:
ke positive relational locatives (at/in/on, between, above, to the
left of, to the north of, default = P/F-s case tag)
xwa antonyms of relational locatives (away from, under, to the right
of, to the south of, default = P/F-s case tag)
cu other binary non-relational states (open, real/existent,
straight, exposed, up, vertical, hollow, authentic,
functional/operational, natural, clear/transparent, colorful,
whole/complete)
faw opposites of other binary non-relational states (closed,
imaginary, crooked, hidden, down, horizontal, solid, fake,
dysfunctional/broken, artificial, opaque, colorless,
partial/incomplete)
All bears are strong.
Ki boncoma conpwe biku.
Who will read to the students?
Twe tayncadan xede liponkonxe?
The sixth owl was under the firetruck.
Tanxwama taynta jazayku centi.
It's true that John closed the two doors.
Ki cuma jefawdan Lajonxe jefo tunku.
There's a little water behind the toilet.
Ki cuma bocay voku to taynxwa pyo.
I broke the washing machine with a chair.
Bonfawdan fa bopyo kyuswa tea to.
The painter doesn't like the colorless ones.
Juka ki zayko toynxe litoynfawmi.
There was a lot outside the auditorium.
Cuma gekumi to cinxwa conci.
I saw the vehicle outside the store next to the
hospital.
Tay fa twinti cinxwa pinpa zuxwamu gebonpa.
The doctor wants everything in working order.
Ki ponko bonxe bikumi boncu.
[The above sentence is ambiguous in English but not in Latenkwa.
A correct paraphrase is "The doctor wants everything that is in
working order. The English translation can also have the sense
"The doctor wants everything to be in working order.]
How many people did you teach the language?
Koncada tunfa xe kude tenkwa?
The plumber is undecided about going shopping at the
shopping mall.
Ki tunko boxe pincase ke gepinpa.
My cat was afraid of the dog because I was away from
the house.
Cenko panpwe foy zaypwe toman xwama fa pa.
There was a fire in the hotel near the airport.
Cuma ce to cinke cinpa voxwamu tantinpa.
I'm imagining that your car doesn't work and that
you're far from a gas station.
Ki taynko fa juka ki boncuma ti tunfoy pye ki gexwama
tunfa tinpa to.
The pilot is haggling with the merchant about the table
and the chairs.
Ki pinte tanxe pinpanxe cantea pye litea.
I didn't understand the old person behind the counter
at the hotel.
Juka conko fa xe pe taynxwamu pintea ke cinpa.
[Note that either "ke" or "kemu" are acceptable here, but we
must use "taynxwamu" to indicate that the old person was behind
the counter when the "understanding" failed.]
The fireman told me that my doctor's office was closed
because of the fire.
Te cenxe fa jefawma vobonpa foy toman ce.
Why did you open the door and close the window?
Jecudan tunfa jefo tomande pye jefawdanse taynfo?
We saw the five big black buses at the bus station.
Tay zefa conti jutoy co vuku ke continpa.
I remember seeing a few stoves in front of the garage.
Ki cinko fa tayse cenpyo voku to taynke tinci.
Did you remind the technician to go to the clinic
before me?
Kade cinkoda tunfa pyonxe tincase kedume bonpa pyame fa?
The bear isn't imaginary and doesn't live far from our
house.
Juka ki fawma conpwe pye juka pancase gexwa pa zefoy.
Did you put those colorful parrots next to the open
window?
Kade zuxwada tunfa litenta toyncu jaxi taynfo jecu?
I know that you're working and that Mary is studying
near the lamp.
Ki ko fa ki ca tunfa pye ponkonca Laryaxe voxwa taynpyo.
[Note that "ki" is not needed ahead of "ponkonca" because its
default tense is the same as "ca" because of the conjunction
"pye".]
I heard on the radio that there are owls in the
hospital's attic.
Tentay fa kyuswa tantenpyo ki cuma lutaynta cinke tanci
xa gebonpa.