Before starting this lesson, you should re-read Chapter 11 of the reference manual.
-fu food items (cocktail, milkshake, coffee, soda pop, food, pizza, lollipop, steak, TV dinner, egg roll, taco, sandwich, cake, bread loaf, pie, ham, sushi)
fu - food, fare, victual, comestible, edible, item that can
be safely eaten
[Note that "fudi" is a count noun in Latenkwa even though
it is a mass noun in English. Thus, "fudi" literally
means 'food item'. However, we will often translate it
as 'food' if the result sounds more natural. This will
also apply to many other roots that have the classifier
"-fu".]
bizafu - pizza (pie)
fonfu - sandwich, grinder, hoagy
bonfu - bread (loaf)
zufu - cookie, biscuit
funxe - farmer, grower of food crops
funco - tasty, savory, good-tasting, toothsome, palatable
funcu - edible, eatable, fit for consumption
funfaw - inedible, uneatable, not fit for consumption
funkay - foul-tasting, unpalatable, unsavory, unappetizing
funkyu - swallow, gulp (down), bolt (down), gobble, ingurgitate
funpa - restaurant, eating house, eatery
funtay - be hungry for
funca - eat, ingest
funci - dining room, lunchroom, mess, eating room
boncudan - fix, repair, mend, make functional/operational, put
into working order
bonfawdan - break, disable, put out of order, inactivate,
incapacitate, cripple, ruin, cause to become
broken or dysfunctional
kyusi - do, carry out
kosi - keep track of, keep up on, keep abreast of, monitor,
keep oneself up-to-date about
koda - inform, make aware of, enlighten
kesi - stay at, remain at, attend, keep oneself at/in/etc
xwasi - stay away from, remain away from, avoid, keep oneself
away from
xasi - keep, retain (possession of)
cunxe - engineer
taynpa - museum
juku - no/none, zero
finku - eight
toden - with [comitative], along with
today - without [anti-comitative]
gapye - but [true conjunction]
1. In Latenkwa, all activity roots use the classifier "-ca". We've already seen several of them:
boca - drink
cenca - cook
konca - teach
taynca - read
And so on. These verbs are AP-s by default; i.e., they are intransitive. If we add the suffix "-si", we will convert them to AP/F-s transitive verbs. Compare the following:
Ki ponkonca fa.
I'm studying.
Ki ponkoncasi fa lutwinta.
I'm studying birds.
For a verb such as "ca" = 'work', we could handle a case like the following English sentence:
John worked a double shift.
However, we haven't yet learned any Latenkwa words that would be suitable focuses for the verb "ca", so we can't provide any Latenkwa examples at this time.
Do not confuse the above derivations with those that have a patient which undergoes a change of state. In these cases, the A/P-d suffix "-dan" should be used, as we've done in earlier lessons:
Cencadan fa tenta.
I cooked the parrot.
In the above example, we must use A/P-d "-dan" because we are indicating the change-of-state that John is causing to the parrot. It's important to emphasize that the focus of an activity elaborates the activity, while the patient experiences a state or change-of-state.
In general, if it's obvious that the speaker is indicating that the object has undergone a change-of-state, then "-dan" should be used; otherwise, "-si" should be used because it's less specific. For example, in "I cooked supper", use "-si".
2. The AP/F-s suffix "-si" and the AP-s suffix "-sin" can also be used to derive reflexive states; i.e., words which indicate that the agent maintains himself in a steady state. Here are some examples:
xasi = keep, retain (possession of)
[Literally, 'to cause onself to maintain possession of']
Ponko fa xasise ti.
I wanted to keep the car.
kesi = stay at/in/etc, attend
[Literally, 'cause oneself to be at/in/etc']
Kesi fa konpa.
I stayed at the school.
boncosin = keep oneself strong
Ki boncosin Lajonxe.
John is keeping himself strong.
[Note that we are using "-sin" here, NOT "-si", because "bonco"
is inherently unfocused.]
I'm thinking about changing the hotel into a museum.
Ki xenko fa taynpadanse cinpa.
Why aren't the bears keeping themselves dry?
Juka ki bokaysin liconpwe tomande?
I saw John in the dining room eating.
Tay fa Lajonxe ke funci funcame.
Everyone is undecided about the foul-tasting food here.
Ki tunko xe biku fu funkay pyumo.
There were five hungry students outside the restaurant.
Cuma ponkonxe funtaymo vuku to cinxwa funpa.
John is reading my book in the doctor's office.
Ki tayncasi Lajonxe pu foy cinke vobonpa.
The technician put the edible food far from the dogs.
Gexwada pyonxe fu funcu lizaypwe.
The engineer doesn't understand that the toilets are
imaginary.
Juka ki conko cunxe ki fawma lipyo.
Mary wanted to keep the fast vehicles and the slow ones.
Ponko Laryaxe xasise litwinti tinpe pye litinfyumi.
The counter in the hotel is eight meters long.
Ki fenpesu pintea cinkemu cinpa fenkya finku to.
A farmer told me that the food in the hospital is
inedible.
Te funxe to fa ki funfawma fu cinkemu gebonpa.
Were the sandwiches under the cookies in the stove?
Kade tanxwama lifonfu lizufu cinkemu cenpyo?
The doctor should have kept track of the six young
children.
Gepo kosi bonxe voxe fyu jaku.
There are no actual colorless walls in the train
station.
Ki cuma cinfo toynfaw cu juku to cinke fenpa.
Why did you cook those quiet colorful birds?
Cencadan tunfa litwinta toyncu tenkay jaxi tomande?
The adults didn't want to swallow the foul-tasting
bread.
Juka ponko ligexe funkyuse bonfu funkay.
Why didn't you do the painting away from the antiques?
Juka kyusi tomande tunfa toynpu xwa lipenpu?
[Note that "toynpu" is a basic noun and refers to an artifact
such as a mural. It is not a gerund and does not refer to
painting in general, such as painting walls or fences.]
The plumber is keeping himself strong by working at the
bus station.
Ki boncosin boxe kyuswa case ke continpa.
It's true that I stayed at the store and haggled with
the merchant about bicycles.
Ki cuma kesi fa pinpa pye pintese pinpanxe lutunti.
One pilot opened the door and broke everything in our
room.
Jecudan tanxe baku to jefo pye bonfawdanse bikumi cinke
ci zefoy.
Will the chef cook some food before we go to the
shopping mall?
Kade twe cencadan cencanxe fu to pyame tinca zefa
kedume gepinpa?
I opened all closed windows in the library without you.
Jecudan fa taynfo jefaw biku cinkemu punpa today tunfa.
The fireman may remind you that there's a clinic behind
the gas station.
Ka twe cinkoda cenxe tunfa ki cuma bonpa to taynxwa
tinpa.
I'm imagining that I'm at an airport eating a big tasty
pizza.
Ki taynko fa ki kema fa tantinpa to funcasime bizafu
funco co to.
The linguist will teach Latenkwa in the classroom next
to the bathroom.
Twe koncasi tenxe Latenkwa cinke konci zuxwamu boci.
We went shopping there yesterday with seven very
talkative painters.
Pinca zefa japyu tunkyo-kyamay toden toynxe tenco geto
zeku to.
Who informed you that I'll study a few languages with
textbooks and dictionaries?
Koda xede tunfa twe ponkoncasi fa tenkwa voku to kyuswa
lukonpu pye lutenpu.
I'll fix the broken window in the kitchen but I'll want
the children to stay away from me.
Twe boncudan fa taynfo bonfaw cinkemu cenci gapye ponko
fa xwasi livoxe fa.