Before starting this lesson, you should re-read Chapter 12 of the reference manual.
-pi all groups/organizations (parliament, republic, brigade, bureaucracy, army, kingdom, political party, senate, theocracy, government, jury, corporation, faculty, partnership, sorority, business, trust, cartel, construction company, union, law firm, restaurant chain, club, choir, circle, clan, community, congregation, sect, team/crew, department, organization, parish, gang, caste, brotherhood) -fyo exchange and transfer verbs, default = AP/F-d verb (buy/sell, borrow/lend, swap/exchange, invest in, donate, confiscate/ commandeer, steal) [Convention: "ju-" will be used if the subject gains possession of the focus. The unmarked form will be used if the subject loses possession of the focus.]
-so passive
fyo - exchange, swap, trade, switch, interchange
ponkaynfyo - steal, purloin, make off with, pilfer, filch, rob
pinfyo - sell, vend
jupinfyo - buy, purchase
ponconfyo - donate, contribute, bestow, give for a benevolent reason
fyonko - be/feel grateful, thankful, or obliged for/that, feel
gratitude for/that
fyonte - thank, express gratitude, give or offer thanks
pi - business (establishment), firm, concern
ponkaynpi - black market, gray market
konpi - faculty, teaching staff
canpi - union, labor union, trade union
tanpi - airline (company), air service
pinpyo - cash register, till, cashbox
pinxe - businessman, businesswoman, entrepreneur, man or
woman of business
pinpu - money, funds, capital
pinpunfyo - pay, spend, expend, disburse, remit
pinpunpa - bank (financial institution)
pinpunpanxe - banker, moneylender
pinpe - expensive, costly, high-priced, dear
pinfyu - inexpensive, low-cost, cheap, frugal
pinko - be greedy, acquisitive, avaricious, grasping, selfish
jupinko - be generous, selfless, munificent, magnanimous,
big-hearted
pinco - wealthy, rich, affluent, moneyed, well-to-do,
prosperous
pinkay - poor, poverty-stricken, needy
pinkya - dollar [unit of currency]
byuku - nine
tomin - to/from/with, secondary agent-patient in
exchange/swap verbs
toswa - for, secondary focus in exchange/swap verbs
voto - slightly, a little, not too, a bit, to a small or low
degree
[Note that "voto" is a previous-word modifier.]
1. In the required reading for Lesson 1, we learned about grammatical voice changes. In this lesson, we'll practice with the passive voice. Here are some examples:
Jecudanso taynfo.
The window was opened.
Kade ki koncasiso Latenkwa?
Is Latenkwa being taught?
Juka teso fa kema tunfa tantinpa.
I wasn't told that you were at the airport.
Konteso fa ki koncoma lutaynta.
It was explained to me that owls are wise.
Note the use of "it" in the last example. "Explain" is one of several English verbs that cannot be passivized in the normal way. A sentence like "*I was explained to that owls are wise" does not sound natural.
2. So far, we have not learned Latenkwa equivalents to the English pronouns "he/him", "she/her", "it", and "they/them". The reason for this is that they're almost always used to refer to something already mentioned in the conversation, while pronouns like "I" and "you" refer to people who are taking part in the conversation. Words that refer to other words are called "anaphora".
In Latenkwa, an anaphor of a word is created by using the first morpheme of the root of the headword of the expression it refers to plus "h" plus an appropriate part-of-speech vowel. For example, "bonhi" is the anaphor for "bonxe" and "libonfu" (remember, "li-" is a prefix; it is not part of the root). However, "bonhi" is not an anaphor for "gebonpa" (because the first root morpheme is "ge"). The correct anaphor for "gebonpa" is "gehi".
In this lesson, we will practice only with noun anaphora. Thus, all of them will end in "-hi". Here are some examples:
Ki ponko tunfa tunti foy gapye juka ki xasu fa tunhi.
You want my bicycle but I don't have it.
Tay fa litwinta pye tanca twinhi.
I saw the birds and they flew.
Ki zayko fa konxe toman ki poncoma konhi.
I like the teacher because he's good.
Te Laryaxe fa ponko ryahi fonfu foy.
Mary told me that she wanted my sandwich.
In the last example, note that "rya" was used instead of "la" because "la" is a prefix, not a root morpheme.
3. Use the secondary agent-patient case tag "tomin" to indicate the non-subject donor or recipient in most transfer verbs (classifier "fyo"):
Jupinfyo fa pu tomin Lajonxe.
I bought the book from John.
Pinfyo fa pu tomin Lajonxe.
I sold the book to John.
Note that the translation of "tomin" depends on whether its argument is the donor or the recipient.
However, "tomin" can not be used with the verb ponkaynfyo because the victim of the theft is not a willing participant. In this case, we must use the A/P/F-d form of the verb, ponkaynfyoda:
Ponkaynfyoda tunfa fa tunti.
You stole the bicycle from me.
Note that the word order of the patient and focus is the reverse of the
English order. Literally, it is "*you stole me the bicycle".
Nothing will be remembered.
Twe cinkoso jutomi.
The washing machine was very expensive.
Pinpema geto bopyo.
Why is your parrot keeping itself wet?
Ki bocosin tenta tunfoy tomande?
The airline is only three months old.
Ki pesu tanpi gekya giku cawnto to.
I was in the bus and it was cold.
Cinkema fa conti pye cenfyuma conhi.
The adults thanked the children for making the fire.
Fyonte ligexe livoxe cudanse ce.
I should have sold the old television in the attic to
the engineer.
Gepo pinfyo fa tantaynpyo pe kemu tanci tomin cunxe.
The license plates of the firetruck in the parking lot
at the school were stolen.
Ponkaynfyoso litinpu xa centi kemu tinfe kemu konpa.
I didn't like the expensive chairs because they were
small.
Juka zayko fa litea pinpe toman kayma teahi.
The banker will buy something from the merchant in the
train later.
Jupinfyo pinpunpanxe tomi tomin pinpanxe cinke fenti
gikyo.
Was it known that the auditorium's ceiling was weak?
Kade koso bonkayma tanfo xa conci?
The cash register was bad but it works a little now.
Ponkayma pinpyo gapye boncuma voto pinhi kyo.
I'm imagining many good days for my business.
Ki taynko fa kya ponco geku to tomun pi foy.
Those unfriendly students stole the encyclopedia from
the library.
Ponkaynfyoda liponkonxe zaykay jaxi punpa bikonpu.
A generous wealthy painter donated a lot of money to
the labor union.
Ponconfyo toynxe pinco jupinkomo to pinpu geku to tomin
canpi.
We exchanged the broken radios for two in working order.
Fyo zefa litantenpyo bonfaw toswa tunkumi boncu to.
The firemen are grateful that the water in the canal
was high today.
Ki fyonko licenxe tanpema bocay cinkemu bofe kyo-kyamay.
Does the teacher live here because he wants to live
near the park?
Kade ki panca konxe pyu toman ki ponko konhi pancase
voxwa punfe?
The fence along the road was broken earlier.
Bonfawdanso panfo fenkemu fe tunkyo.
Why didn't you give the seven poor people sandwiches?
Juka xada tunfa xe pinkay zeku lufonfu tomande?
The greedy businessman paid only nine dollars for the
lamps and the black sofa.
Pinpunfyo pinxe pinkomo pinkya byuku cawnto to toswa
litaynpyo pye contea jutoy.
I bought the owl in an actual black market behind the
skyscraper.
Jupinfyo fa taynta ke ponkaynpi cu to taynxwa tanpa.
The hallway between the living room and the dining room
is four meters long.
Ki fenpesu jeci jekemu teanci pye funci fenkya conku to.
The banker explained to me that the bank will have a
low ceiling because it'll be inexpensive.
Konte pinpunpanxe fa twe xasu pinpunpa tanfo tanfyu to
toman twe pinfyuma tanhi.
John will paint the shed's floor tomorrow after he goes
to the marketplace.
Toyncadan Lajonxe jutanfo xa zupa gikyo-kyamay tweme
tinca jonhi kedume pinfe.
The foolish chef wanted nine tables but I gave him only
six.
Ponko cencanxe konkay cantea byuku to gapye xada fa
cenhi jakumi cawnto to.
The faculty wasn't there yesterday because it was
informed that all students were told to stay away
from the bus station.
Juka japyuma konpi tunkyo-kyamay toman kodaso konhi
teso ponkonxe biku xwasise continpa.