Before starting this lesson, you should re-read Chapters 13 and 14 of the reference manual.
nuye- politeness marker
-go tools, utensils, and non-powered instruments (tool, knife, hammer, key, glasses/spectacles, scissors, pencil, telescope, brush, broom, fork, colander, whisk, ladle, thermometer, ruler, scale, towel, compass, level, calipers, gauge, hourglass, abacus, sponge, handkerchief) -ven social/economic/political/etc relationships, excluding kinship, default = P/F-s noun (friend, colleague, acquaintance, employee, enemy, member, guest, representative, assistant)
godi - knife
cangodi - key (to open a lock)
cegodi - tool, instrument, implement
fegodi - scissors
fugodi - spoon
jingodi - thermometer, temperature indicator
laygodi - ruler, rule, straightedge
ligodi - glasses, spectacles, eyeglasses
gobido - sharp, keen, edged for cutting
gozudo - dull, blunt, unsharp, unedged
goguda - cut, incise, slice, gash
vendi - colleague, associate, confederate
xevendi - boss, chief, head, manager, supervisor, superior,
foreman, overseer
lavendi - co-worker, workfellow, fellow worker, colleague
fovendi - subordinate, underling, inferior, subaltern
buvendi - stranger, outsider, alien, someone unknown
canvendi - agent, representative, spokesman, broker
cevendi - member, fellow, one who is part of a social/political/
business group
gyavendi - customer, client, buyer, patron
juvendi - friend, buddy, pal, chum, comrade, intimate
bujuvendi - enemy, foe, adversary, antagonist, opponent
konvendi - acquaintance, someone that one knows or has met
konvenda - know, be acquainted with, be an acquaintance of
lovendi - employee, hireling, jobholder, worker, laborer
lovenda - work for, have a job or employment with, be an
employee of
bulovendo - unemployed, out-of-work, jobless
venlaydi - bridge, viaduct, span
venpyo - across, crossing, extending from one side to the other
venpyoda - cross, traverse, pass over or across, extend across
ventada - sympathize with, empathize with, relate to
emotionally
lamu - several, some, a moderate quantity
mavo - by [oblique passive case tag]
pa - past-perfect tense-aspect disjunct
1. An imperative sentence can be created by using the part-of-speech suffix "-doy" on the verb:
Canzanvyudoy licandi.
Open the window.
Tedoy koncindi pi cinzanda konzwedi.
Tell the teacher that the desk is broken.
Note in the second example, that we had to add the A/P/F-d CCM "-mb-" to the root before we could change its part-of-speech.
2. Add the politeness marking prefix "nuye-" to the first word of a clause to get the effect of the English word "please":
Nuyemeki pu canfivyu femi licandi?
Will you please close the window?
3. A noun anaphor can be converted to a genitive adjective by simply changing "-hi" to "-ho":
Pi jutada mi jidi mave pi bida nilicandi jiho.
I like the house because its windows are big.
Pi topyoda Najoncedi pye judi jonho jintodi.
John and his dog are in the kitchen.
4. In this lesson, we will practice with "mavo", the oblique case tag for the passive voice. Here are some examples:
Canzanvyuvo licandi mavo mi.
The window was opened by me.
Tokonvuvo mi jinbyadi cinzando mavo jincindi.
I was reminded about the broken stove by the chef.
5. Use the past-perfect disjunct "pa" to override the default when it is not past-perfect. This will typically occur when a conjunction links two clauses with different tenses:
Pi lida mi nifocedi bupye bume pa telida mi fohi.
I see the children but I didn't hear them.
6. The social relationship classifier "-ven" is inherently relational. Because of this, the open noun suffix "-daw" will be especially useful with it:
Telida nugyavendaw kangyadi nicekandi.
Customers of the gas station heard the vehicles.
Konvenda mi cevendaw femu ma konbindi.
I knew two members of the faculty.
The verb form is also useful, as in the second example. "Konvenda" is
just the verb form of the noun "konvendi", meaning 'acquaintance'.
Thus, it literally means 'to be an acquaintance of'.
Wise people have no enemies.
Pi posa nucedi kontindo bujuvendi bumu ma.
My doctor's office kept only one employee.
Poka focingyadi poy lovendi camu ma tomado.
Why is John doing everything in the house?
Pi guka Najoncedi bimudi topyo jidi maveki?
Mary asked me for her yellow ruler and her books.
Tateda Naryacedi mi laygodi jinbyedo ryaho pye nijadi
ryaho.
I like the airport because the people are friendly.
Pi jutada mi tawgyadi mave pi jutinda nicedi.
The children were moved away from the clinic by the
technician.
Moyvuvo nifocedi cingyadi mavo byacindi.
Stay at this hotel because it's inexpensive.
Pyokadoy togyadi pe mave pi binfoda tohi.
The boss made the building hot by closing the windows.
Jinxevyu xevendi cejidi guswa canfivyuvi nilicandi.
Did the customers want the shopping mall to be built
far from the town hall?
Meki tada nigyavendi figuvo xegyajidi xemoy jajidi?
Please don't put the ninth desk in the open truck
without me.
Nuyebume topyovudoy konzwedi xotamu lokandi canzando
makay mi.
How much food was bought at the store by the children?
Bugyafayvo fudi muki pyo gyadi mavo nifocedi?
Mary is a friend of those five strangers in front of
the museum.
Pi juvenda Naryacedi buvendi lumu bape lipyodu ligyadi.
The expensive spoons and the dull knives are in the
kitchen near the telephone.
Pi topyoda nifugodi binxedo pye nigodi gozudo jintodi
fomoy tebyadi.
All vehicles should have stayed away from the road
crossing the old canal.
Xemo moyka cekandi bimu laydi venpyodu calaydi xedo.
The agent of the unemployed linguists is drinking next
to those very old antiques.
Pi caloda canvendaw nisencindi bulovendo zumoy nixejadi
xedo xema bape.
Did the gourmet go to the restaurant with several
hungry students?
Meki kanloda fucedi pyosude fugyadi masi takoncedi
fulido lamu ma?
The cookies are edible but please don't eat that
colorless foul-tasting inedible bread.
Pi fufida nizufudi bupye nuyebume fulokadoy cinfudi
fuzando fubudo byezando bape.
I'm studying Nasendi because I want to work for a
linguist.
Pi takonloka mi Nasendi mave pi tada mi lovenvi
sencindi ma.
The blue counter in the gas station should have been
lifted by eight strong adults.
Xemo tawguvo gyazwedi tawbyedo topyodu kangyadi mavo
xecedi cinbido timu ma.
Did you remind the banker that the thermometer is in
the bathroom above the toilet?
Meki tokonvu femi bingyacindi pi topyoda jingodi catodi
tawpyo cabyadi?
The grateful poor people swallowed their sandwiches and
thanked me for them.
Fuguda nicedi bintoydo faytado nicanfudi ceho pye
faytevi mi canhi.
I cut the tasty pizza with a sharp knife thinking about
an imaginary waterfall.
Goguda mi bizafudi fulado guswa godi gobido ma lokonde
cajindi zando ma.
The pilot is angry at me because I told some people
that I did something to his airplane.
Pi jintada tawcedi mi mave teda mi nicedi ma guda mi
tawkandi tawho.
[Note that "tawho" can not refer to "tawkandi" because it makes
no sense for an anaphor to refer to the word it modifies (i.e.,
its own headword).]
Your subordinate didn't fix the furniture in the shed
because he didn't have the key.
Bume cinfivyu fovendi fepoy nicezwedi topyodu zujidi
mave bume posa fohi cangodi.
The labor union wants to keep track of its members
under the bridge near the park.
Pi tada lobindi konkavi nicevendi loho tawmoydu
venlaydi fomoydu jalaydi.
I heard the flying airplane but I didn't see it because
I didn't have my glasses.
Telida mi tawkandi tawlodo bupye bume lida mi tawhi
mave bume posa mi ligodi poy.
An acquaintance told me that a colored fence crosses
the parking lot outside the marketplace.
Teda konvendi ma mi pi venpyoda jicandi byedo ma
kanlaydi tomoydu gyalaydi.
There are some tools and a few pairs of scissors above
the textbooks and the dictionary.
Pi fida nicegodi ma pye fegodi fomu ma tawpyo nikonjadi
pye tejadi.
Your colleagues know me because they haggled with me
about my big colorful painting.
Pi konvenda nivendi fepoy mi mave gyateda venhi mi
byejadi byefido bido poy.
I sympathize with your co-workers in the hospital but
they shouldn't have gone to the train station.
Pi ventada mi nilavendi fepoy topyodu xecingyadi bupye
xemo bume pa kanloda lahi pyosude laygyadi.