Index:
ba be bi bo bu by ca ce ci co cu do fa fe fi fo fu ga ge gi go gu gw gy ja ji jo ju ka ki ko ku la le li lo lu ma me mi mo mu mw na ne ni nu pa pe pi po pu py se ta te ti to tu ve xa xe xo xu xw za ze zi zo zu zw
babyedo - white. [Etym: white + color] Pi posa mi bizwedi babyedo bido ma pye zwedi babyedo femu ma = I have a big white sofa and two white chairs. [index]
bami - you. This personal pronoun refers to the listener plus others not present. English does not make this distinction but some languages do. [index]
bamu - six. Posa mi judi bamu ma bupye tada mi zemudi ma = I had six dogs but I wanted seven. [index]
bapaw - there, at that location. Pi takonloda nitakoncedi bapaw maveki = Why are the students studying there? [index]
bape - that [demonstrative]. Pi konda mi pi tada jincindi lozwedi bape = I know that the chef wants that table. [index]
bapoy - your. This genitive adjective refers to the listener plus others not present. [index]
batondi - snow(fall). [Etym: white + weather] [index]
bavindi - snow. [Etym: white + natural substance] [index]
bawmwa - contrasting topicalization particle. Bawmwa is a previous-word modifier that adds emphasis to the word that it follows. The result can appear as either a heavily stressed word or a cleft sentence. [index]
bebaydi - pod [of whales or dolphins]. [Etym: group + marine mammal] [index]
bejoydi - fleet, functional group of boats. [Etym: group + boat] [index]
bekandi - convoy, fleet, functional group of vehicles. [Etym: group + other vehicle] [index]
bekindi - kinfolk, kinsmen, family, relatives, extended family. [Etym: group + kin] Bekindi refers to all people that one is related to through blood or marriage. To refer to an immediate family or household, see zubekindi. [index]
benme - reasonableness modal disjunct. This is the reasonableness modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
benxando - mindless, non-intelligent, lacking intelligence. [Etym: brain/intelligence + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
benxodo - intelligent, having intelligence or mental acumen. [Etym: brain/intelligence + binary non-relational state] [index]
betawdi - flock [of birds]. [Etym: group + bird] [index]
betexidi - vocabulary, lexicon, word inventory or repertoire. [Etym: group + word] [index]
betidi - swarm [of insects]. [Etym: group + insect] [index]
bevondi - herd. [Etym: group + ungulate] [index]
bezodi - school [of fish]. [Etym: group + fish] [index]
bibatondi - blizzard, whiteout, severe snowstorm. [Etym: maximal polarity + white + weather] [index]
bibenxodo - brilliant [extremely intelligent], genius. [Etym: maximal polarity + intelligent] [index]
bibyomo - maximal necessity modal disjunct. See byomo. [index]
bibyomodo - destitute, down-and-out, in extreme need. [index]
bibyomosodo - essential, indispensable, vital, exigent. [index]
bicitudo - identical (to), maximally similar. [Etym: maximal polarity + similar] [index]
bido - big, large, having great size. [Etym: "bi" is the 'scalar non-relational vague physical state' classifier] [index]
bifawme - maximal significance modal disjunct. See fawme. [index]
bifedi - continent, landmass. [Etym: maximal polarity + other non-water natural location] [index]
bigeme - maximal acceptability modal disjunct. See geme. [index]
bigyadi - bus station/depot. [Etym: bus + place of business] Lida femi bikandi muki pyo bigyadi = How many buses did you see at the bus station? [index]
bijinxedo - scorching, torrid, extremely hot. [Etym: maximal polarity + hot] [index]
bijomo - maximal consequentiality modal disjunct. See jomo. [index]
bijomoda - be imperative, be of the utmost urgency. See bijomosodo. [index]
bijomosodo - imperative, critical, crucial, vital, of the utmost urgency. Note that we can also use the P/F-s form with two arguments: [index]
bijudi - bear [carnivore]. [Etym: big + carnivore] Bijudi includes all members of family Ursidae. Pi jiloda bijudi bido femu ma topyo tofedi fomoydu cajindi = Two big bears live in the cave near the waterfall. [index]
bikandi - bus [vehicle]. [Etym: big + non-water vehicle] [index]
bikonda - understand, comprehend, grasp, fathom, follow. [Etym: maximal polarity + know] The word konda implies only knowledge of the fact. "Bikonda" implies both knowledge of the fact plus knowledge of the meaning, importance, or nature of the fact; i.e., a "bigger" kind of knowledge. Pi bume bikonda mi lijodi po lida mi lihi pyo lijogyadi may-ziday = I didn't understand the movie that I saw at the movie theater today. [index]
bikonjadi - encyclopedia. [Etym: maximal polarity + knowledge + book] [index]
bikonmendi - university. [Etym: maximal polarity + school] See also xekonmendi. [index]
bilime - maximal evidentiality modal disjunct. See lime. [index]
bilimedo - confident, sure, certain. [index]
bilimeku - conclude, come to the conclusion (that/about), come to be certain, confident, or sure (that/about). [index]
bilimekusodi - conclusion, deduction, inference, verdict, determination, judgment, something that one has become certain or sure of. [index]
bilimekusodo - conclusive, what one has determined is certain or sure. [index]
bilimesa - obvious (to), evident (to), clear (to). Note that bilimesa is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
bilimesakwe - obvious (to), evident (to), clear (to). Note that bilimesakwe is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
bilimesodo - obvious, evident, manifest, patent, clear, certain, definite, plain, unmistakable. [index]
bilimevu - convince, persuade, show, cause someone to become certain/sure/confident that/about. [index]
bima - maximally, utterly, as much as possible, totally, absolutely, so much, so, such, to the greatest degree possible, etc. For scalar states, bi- can be applied directly to the scalar root: For English adverbs, adjectives, and adjectival verbs, the result is best translated using "as X as possible": [index]
bimado - maximum/maximal, utmost, greatest, highest, uppermost, ultra. [index]
bimay - right now, immediately, at this very moment. [index]
bime - maximal probability modal disjunct. See me. [index]
bimeda - believe, be convinced that/of, take as true (that). [index]
bimeku - decide, resolve, make up one's mind, convince onself. [index]
bimesa - realize, be aware that, understand. [index]
bimesadu - credulous (about), gullible, trusting, easily taken in, inclined to believe. [index]
Bimeso. - Yes, That's correct. Bimeso is a complete sentence and takes no arguments. In reply to a statement, it indicates that the statement is true. In reply to a question, it indicates that bime should have appeared in place of the question disjunct (typically meki). [index]
bimesode - truly, definitely, really, absolutely, positively, indeed. [index]
bimesodi - truth, accepted fact, that which is believed to be true. [index]
bimesodo - true, veritable. [index]
bimevodi - belief, tenet, something believed to be true. [index]
bimevu - persuade, convince, win over, cause someone to come to believe something. [index]
bimo - maximal obligation modal disjunct. See mo. [index]
bimoda - obligated, mandatory/obligatory/compulsory for P to F. Note that bimoda is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
bimoka - feel obligated to. [index]
bimoku - take on the obligation for. [index]
bimokweda - be mandatory/obligatory/compulsory for. See bimoda. [index]
bimosodi - duty, obligation. [index]
bimosodo - mandatory, compulsory, obligatory. [index]
bimova - require, oblige, to give someone an obligation to do something. [index]
bimu - all, every. [index]
bimudi - everything, all things. Cinzanvyu nifocedi bimudi topyo todi zepoy = The children broke everything in our room. [index]
bimukoy - always, all the time, constantly, invariably. [index]
bimwa - most, comparative modifier. See also tupye. [index]
binbyadi - cash register, till, cashbox. [Etym: money/commerce/trade + device] Lida mi topyovu gyacindi binjadi binbyadi = I saw the merchant put the money in the cash register. [index]
bincindi - businessman, businesswoman, entrepreneur, man or woman of business. [Etym: money/commerce/trade + business/academic group member] [index]
bindi - business (establishment), firm, concern. [Etym: "bin" is the 'business/academic group' classifier] [index]
binfayda - pay, spend, expend, disburse, remit. [Etym: money/commerce/trade + exchange/swap/transfer] Binfayda femi mudiki maswa jadi fepe = How much did you pay for that book? [index]
binfodo - inexpensive, low-cost, cheap, frugal. [Etym: money/commerce/trade + antonym scalar non-relational state] Pi pyoka mi togyadi pe mave pi binfoda tohi = I'm staying at this hotel because it's inexpensive. [index]
bingyacindi - banker, moneylender. [Etym: bank + business/academic group member] [index]
bingyadi - bank (financial institution). [Etym: money/commerce/trade + place of business] Meki pi posa femi binjadi xemu ma pyo bingyadi gipe = Do you have a lot of money at that bank? [index]
binjadi - money, funds, capital. [Etym: money/commerce/trade + social item] Bume bugyafayda mi kandi mave bume posa mi binjadi gemu ma = I didn't buy the car because I didn't have enough money. Binxesa nicegodi pe binjadi xemu ma = These tools cost a lot of money. [index]
binsendi - contract, pact, compact, legal agreement or covenant. [Etym: money/commerce/trade + protocol] Bume jutada lobindi binsendi mave bume binfayda binhi binjadi gemu ma = The labor union didn't like the contract because it didn't pay enough money. [index]
bintado - greedy, acquisitive, avaricious, grasping, selfish. [Etym: money/commerce/trade + emotional state] [index]
binteda - offer, bid, proffer, tender, make a bid/offer/tender. [Etym: money/commerce/trade + speech act] [index]
bintindo - wealthy, rich, affluent, moneyed, well-to-do, prosperous. [Etym: money/commerce/trade + scalar non-relational state] [index]
bintoydo - poor, poverty-stricken, needy. [Etym: money/commerce/trade + antonym scalar non-relational state] Lafayda mi binzidi jobumu ma make xecingyadi ma masedu nucedi bintoydo = I donated forty dollars to a hospital for poor people. [index]
binxedo - expensive, costly, high-priced, dear. [Etym: money/commerce/trade + scalar non-relational state] [index]
binxesa - cost, sell for, have a price equal to. [Etym: money/commerce/trade + scalar non-relational state] Binxesa nicegodi pe binjadi xemu ma = These tools cost a lot of money. [index]
binzidi - dollar [unit of currency]. [Etym: money/commerce/trade + measure] Binzidi applies to all currencies called "dollar", not just the United States dollar. Bugyafayda mi jadi make Najoncedi maswa binzidi lumu ma = I bought the book from John for five dollars. [index]
bitamu - final, last, highest in a sequence. [index]
bitexidi - paragraph, logical or functional group of sentences. [Etym: maximal polarity + word] [index]
bitodi - auditorium, hall, typically a large room used for public indoor events. [Etym: big + room] [index]
bitonme - maximal inevitability modal disjunct. See tonme. [index]
bitonmeda - presume, assume, take for granted, accept as inevitable. [index]
bitonmesodi - destiny, fate, lot, fortune, that which is inevitable. [index]
bitonmesodo - inevitable, unavoidable, pre-ordained, ineluctable. [index]
bixanda - shrink, shrivel, emaciate, wizen, wither. [Etym: big + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
bixoda - grow (up), develop, mature, ripen, wax. [Etym: big + binary non-relational state] [index]
bixwame - maximal hedge modal disjunct. See xwame. [index]
bizafudi - pizza (pie). [Etym: sound-alike for "pizza" + food item] [index]
bizidi - year, annum, unit of measure equal to about 365 days or twelve months. [Etym: maximal polarity + measure] [index]
bizwedi - sofa, couch, settee, lounge. [Etym: big + furniture] Pi bizweda cezwedi pe = This piece of furniture is a sofa. [index]
bonfodo - light [in weight]. [Etym: lift/carry/heavy/weight + antonym scalar non-relational state] [index]
bonmwa - heavy topicalization particle. [index]
bonxedo - heavy, weighty, leaden. [Etym: lift/carry/heavy/weight + scalar non-relational state] [index]
bonxesa - weigh, have weight equal to. [index]
bonxesakwedi - weight, heft, what something weighs. [index]
bonxeswi - weigh, measure the weight of. [index]
bubabyedo - gray, blackish-white. [Etym: black + white + color] [index]
bubindi - black market, gray market. [Etym: bad + business/academic group] [index]
bubintado - generous, selfless, munificent, magnanimous, big-hearted. [Etym: antonym + greedy] [index]
bubyedo - black. [Etym: black + color] [index]
bubyomo - zero-necessity modal disjunct. See byomo. [index]
bubyomosodo - unnecessary, inessential, unessential, not necessary. [index]
bubyomovusoy - make unnecessary, obviate. [index]
bucitudo - dissimilar, different. [Etym: antonym + similar] See also buzizado. [index]
budo - bad, undesirable, opposite of good. [Etym: "bu" is the 'opposite other scalar non-relational state' classifier] Pi buda fekandi fepe bupye fida ladi femu ma topyo kanjidi = That bicycle is bad but there are two good ones in the garage. [index]
bufawme - zero-significance modal disjunct. See fawme. [index]
bufayda - steal, purloin, make off with, pilfer, filch, rob [see special note below]. [Etym: bad + exchange/swap/transfer] Special note: "Bufayda" is unlike many other exchange verbs in that the person robbed is not a willing participant. Thus, we cannot use 0/AP "make" to indicate the victim because it would imply that he was willing. We also cannot use "mase" because it is too vague. The only way to identify the victim is to modify the argument structure to indicate the patient that was affected by the theft. Thus, A/P/F-d "bufayvu" means 'to steal F from P': Note that the order of the two objects is the opposite of the English order. Note also, that A/P-d [-F] "bufayvyu" is equivalent to the English word "rob": [index]
bugeme - zero-acceptability modal disjunct. See geme. [index]
bugemeda - disapprove (of), oppose. [index]
bugemedo - disapproving, opposed, hostile. [index]
bugemesodo - unacceptable, inadmissible, intolerable. [index]
bugemevaydi - disapproval, opposition. [index]
bugyafayda - buy, purchase. See also bugyafayso. [Etym: antonym + sell] Bugyafayda mi jadi make Najoncedi maswa binzidi lumu ma = I bought the book from John for five dollars. [index]
bugyafayso - sell. Note that this is simply the middle voice form of bugyafayda ('to buy'). [index]
bujomo - zero-consequentiality modal disjunct. See jomo. [index]
bujuvendi - enemy, foe, adversary, antagonist, opponent. [Etym: opposite + friend] Pi posa nucedi kontindo bujuvendi bumu ma = Wise people have no enemies. [index]
bulime - zero-evidentiality modal disjunct. See lime. [index]
bulovendo - unemployed, out-of-work, jobless. [Etym: opposite + employee] [index]
buma - no, not, negative indefinite article. This is the negative indefinite article which is fully described in the reference manual. [index]
bumadi - nothing, nil, naught. [index]
bumaw - tenseless-terminative disjunct. This is the tenseless-terminative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
bumawsyu - stop, halt, come to a stop/halt. [index]
bumawvya - stop, halt, bring to a halt. [index]
bume - not, zero probability modal disjunct. See me. [index]
bumeda - disbelieve, to feel that something is untrue or impossible. [index]
bumedo - incredulous, unbelieving, disbelieving. [index]
Bumeso. - No, That's not true, That's wrong, That's incorrect. Bumeso is a complete sentence and takes no arguments. In reply to a statement, it indicates that the statement is not true. In reply to a question, it indicates that bume should have appeared in place of the question disjunct (typically meki). [index]
bumesodo - false, untrue, incorrect, wrong, impossible. [index]
bumo - zero-obligation modal disjunct. See mo. [index]
bumu - no/none, zero. Pi posa nucedi kontindo bujuvendi bumu ma = Wise people have no enemies. [index]
bumukoy - never, zero times, not ... ever, not ... at all, on no occasion. [index]
bumwa - incomplete parenthetical expression stop. See camwa. [index]
bupa - past-terminative disjunct. This is the past-terminative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
bupi - present-terminative disjunct. This is the present-terminative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
bupu - future-terminative disjunct. This is the future-terminative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
bupye - but. Note that when bupye links noun phrases, it has the sense 'but also': [index]
bupyeda - contrast with, be in contrast with or opposition to. [index]
bupyede - even though, although, in spite of, despite, regardless of, whether or not, irrespective of, notwithstanding. Note that the argument of bupyede can be either a noun phrase or a clause, and the English translation will depend on the argument. [index]
bupyekoy - anyway, regardless, irregardless, nevertheless, still. [index]
Bupyesoyda - However, ..., Even so, ..., Nevertheless, ..., But, Still, ..., Yet, Just the same, ..., Notwithstanding, ..., For all that, ..., Be that as it may, .... Note that bupyesoyda is a verbal disjunct and takes a single clause for an argument. [index]
bupyevawdo - contrasting, opposing, being in contrast or opposition with each other. [index]
butawcandi - floor [of a room]. [Etym: antonym + high + separator] Pi layxesa butawcandi topyodu zwetodi layzidi gimu ma = The floor in the living room is three meters long. [index]
butonme - zero-inevitability modal disjunct. See tonme. [index]
butuda - have nothing to do with, be uninvolved or unassociated with. [Etym: antonym + association] [index]
butuku - quit, break off/away from, leave, give up on, abandon, have done with, cause oneself to become uninvolved with. [index]
buvendi - stranger, outsider, alien, someone unknown. [Etym: not/opposite + social/political/business relation] Pi juvenda Naryacedi buvendi lumu bape lipyodu ligyadi = Mary is a friend of those five strangers in front of the museum. [index]
buxwame - zero-hedge modal disjunct. See xwame. [index]
buxwamesodo - so-called, self-styled. [index]
buzanme - zero counterfactuality modal disjunct. See zanme. [index]
buzizado - different, unequal, other, not the same, not equal to. [Etym: antonym + same/equal] See also bucitudo. [index]
byacindi - technician. [Etym: automatic/mechanical/complex + business/academic group member] Cinfivyu byacindi ma libyadi femay-ziday = A technician fixed the television yesterday. [index]
byasendi - instruction, direction, information about how to do something. [Etym: automatic/mechanical/complex + protocol] [index]
byecindi - painter, one who paints for a profession. [Etym: color + business/academic group member] [index]
byedo - colored, hued, in color, having color. [Etym: "bye" is the 'color' classifier] Pi venpyoda tocandi byedo layxedo lafedi = The long colored wall crosses the island. [index]
byefido - colorful, variegated, having a lot of color(s). [Etym: color + binary non-relational state] Fida tetawdi byefido ma limoydu gyazwedi pyo lungyadi = There was a colorful parrot behind the counter at the pub. [index]
byegodi - paintbrush. [Etym: color + tool/instrument] [index]
byejadi - painting, mural, canvas (that has been painted on). [Etym: color + social item] [index]
byeloda - paint, take part in the activity of painting. [Etym: color + activity] [index]
byevyu - color [verb], cause something to have color. [index]
byezando - colorless, hueless, lacking color. [Etym: color + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
byomo - necessity modal disjunct. This is the necessity modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
byomoki - interrogative necessity modal disjunct. See byomo. [index]
cabemu - each, every. [index]
cabendi - bladder, vesicle, sac, plant or animal organ that holds liquid. [Etym: liquid + organ] [index]
cabido - wet, damp, moist, humid, muggy, dank, sticky, having atypically high moisture or water. [Etym: liquid + scalar non-relational state] [index]
cabifedi - oasis, fertile, wet area surrounded by desert. [Etym: wet + natural location] [index]
cabodi - duck. [Etym: water + fowl] Cabodi includes all members of the duck tribes of family Anatidae (tribes Anatini, Cairinini, Aythyini, Mergini, and Oxyurini) [index]
cabyadi - toilet. [Etym: water + device] Meki teda femi cacindi bume pi cinfida cabyadi = Did you tell the plumber that the toilet doesn't work? [index]
cacindi - plumber. [Etym: water + business/academic group member] Meki teda femi cacindi bume pi cinfida cabyadi = Did you tell the plumber that the toilet doesn't work? [index]
cacodi - soup, potage, hot liquid or semi-liquid food. [Etym: liquid + processed food] [index]
cadendi - hydropower. [Etym: water + energy] [index]
cadi - water, H2O. [Etym: "ca" is the 'inorganic compound' classifier] [index]
cadindi - jellyfish. [Etym: water + animal] Cadindi includes all members of phylum Coelenterata, class Scyphozoa. [index]
cadondi - marsh fern. [Etym: water + plant] Cadondi includes all members of family Thelypteridaceae. [index]
cadundi - drop, droplet. [Etym: liquid + inorganic thing] [index]
cafawmu - primary, main, chief, foremost, first in importance, rank, or value. [index]
cafedi - shore(line), coast(line), strand, waterfront. [Etym: water + natural location] [index]
cajedi - pufferfish, blowfish, balloonfish, globefish, swellfish. [Etym: water + fish] Cajedi includes all members of family Tetraodontidae. [index]
cajimu - single, one of a kind. [index]
cajindi - waterfall. [Etym: water + phenomenon] Pi fida laydi pe mave pi tada cedi xemu ma kanlovi pyosude cajindi = This road exists because a lot of people want to go to the waterfall. [index]
cakoncindi - professor, college or university teacher. [Etym: one + teacher] [index]
cakundi - rainy season, monsoon. [Etym: water + time period] [index]
calaydi - canal, waterway, watercourse. [Etym: water + infrastructure] Pi faytada nijincedi tawxeda cadi topyodu calaydi may-ziday = The fire fighters are grateful that the water in the canal was high today. [index]
caloda - drink. [Etym: water + activity] [index]
camaw - tenseless-inceptive disjunct. This is the tenseless-inceptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
camawsyu - start (up), begin, commence, start happening. [index]
camawvya - start (up), begin, initiate, cause an event to start. [index]
camu - one, single. Fida zwedi camu toma ma topyo todi = There was only one chair in the room. [index]
camukoy - once, one time, on one occasion. [index]
camusado - specific, particular, individual, select, express, one specific or particular. You can also add other numbers to musado: [index]
camwa - parenthetical expression starter. Camwa is used along with either the complete parenthetical expression stop jomwa or the incomplete stop bumwa. If the expression is a list with more than one item, the conjunction fepye should appear between items. [index]
candi - door. [Etym: "can" is the 'separator' classifier] Canzanvyu femi candi maveki pye canfivyuvi licandi = Why did you open the door and close the window? [index]
canfido - closed, shut, inaccessible, unopen, not allowing passage or access. [Etym: separator + binary non-relational state] [index]
canfivyu - close, shut, cause to become closed or shut. Canzanvyu femi candi maveki pye canfivyuvi licandi = Why did you open the door and close the window? [index]
canfudi - sandwich, grinder, hoagy. [Etym: separator + food item] [index]
cangodi - key (to open a lock). [Etym: separator/open/close + tool/instrument] [index]
canjudi - canine, member of family Canidae. [Etym: abbreviation of Canidae + carnivore] Note that canjudi is a noun, NOT an adjective. Use canjudo for the adjective. [index]
canpyo - between, betwixt. Xemo figuda femi jicandi ma canpyo nicejidi femu = You should have built a fence between the two buildings. [index]
cantodi - hallway, corridor, hall, passageway. [Etym: separator + room] [index]
canvendi - agent, representative, spokesman, broker. [Etym: separator + social/political/business relation] [index]
canzando - open [adjective], accessible, allowing passage or access. [Etym: separator + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
canzanvyu - open [verb]. Canzanvyu femi candi maveki pye canfivyuvi licandi = Why did you open the door and close the window? [index]
capa - past-inceptive disjunct. This is the past-inceptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
capendi - sink, washbasin. [Etym: water + container] [index]
capi - present-inceptive disjunct. This is the present-inceptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
capondi - undine, water spirit. [Etym: water + spirit] [index]
capu - future-inceptive disjunct. This is the future-inceptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
casindi - water snake. [Etym: water + snake] Casindi includes all members of families Acrochordidae and Colubridae. [index]
catamu - first. [index]
catodi - bathroom, wash room, water closet. [Etym: water + room] [index]
catondi - rain(fall), precipitation of water from the sky. [Etym: water + weather phenomenon] [index]
cavondi - hippopotamus. [Etym: water + ungulate] Cavondi includes all members of family Hippopotamidae. [index]
caxadi - sour gum, black gum, tupelo. [Etym: water + tree] Caxadi includes all members of family Nyssaceae. [index]
caxaydi - mosquito. [Etym: water + fly] Caxaydi includes all members of family Culicidae. [index]
caxwada - drool, drivel, drip saliva from the mouth. [Etym: water + involuntary act] [index]
cazaydi - squid. [Etym: water + cephalopod] Cazaydi includes all members of order Dibranchia. [index]
cazudo - dry, arid, having atypically low moisture or water. [Etym: water + antonym scalar non-relational state] [index]
cazufedi - desert, mostly dead, dry, typically sandy region. [Etym: dry + natural location] [index]
cebedi - group, organization, association, society. [Etym: generic member + other group or organization] [index]
cebyadi - device, mechanism, apparatus, appliance, piece of equipment, contrivance, instrument. [Etym: generic member + other device] [index]
cedandi - thing, item, object, artificial thing. [Etym: generic member + other artificial item] Cedandi refers explicitly to man-made things. For natural things or for generic use, use cegaydi. [index]
cedendi - energy. [Etym: generic member + non-living energy] Cedendi includes all forms of physical energy, such as thermal energy, kinetic energy, nuclear energy, electrical energy, etc. [index]
cedi - person, individual, sentient being. [Etym: "ce" is the 'other group member' classifier] Jutada cedi xemu ma jodi po nitakoncedi = A lot of people liked the students' performance. [index]
cedindi - animal, any member of the animal kingdom. [Etym: generic member + other animal] [index]
cedondi - plant. [Etym: generic member + other plant] Cedondi includes all members of the plant kingdom. [index]
cefedi - location, place, spot. [Etym: generic member + other natural location] See also pyokwedi. [index]
cefwadi - amphibian. [Etym: generic member + amphibian] Cefwadi includes all members of class Amphibia. [index]
cegadi - rodent. [Etym: generic member + rodent] Cegadi includes all members of family Rodentia. [index]
cegaydi - thing, item, object. [Etym: generic member + other natural thing] See also cedandi. [index]
cegedi - stuff, material, synthetic or artificial substance or material. [Etym: generic member + other artificial substance] Cegedi should only be used for artificial substances or materials. Use cexudi for natural substances or for general purpose use (such as when the nature of the substance is not known). [index]
cegodi - tool, instrument, implement. [Etym: generic member + tool/instrument] [index]
cejidi - building, edifice, structure. [Etym: generic member + building] Xemo figuda femi jicandi ma canpyo nicejidi femu = You should have built a fence between the two buildings. [index]
cejindi - phenomenon. [Etym: generic member + non-weather phenomenon] [index]
cejodi - activity, deed, action, feat, performance. [Etym: generic member + complete performance] [index]
cekandi - vehicle, conveyance, craft. [Etym: generic member + non-water vehicle] [index]
ceki - who/whom, which person. [index]
cekundi - time, duration, period (of time). [Etym: generic member + time period] [index]
celoydi - reptile. [Etym: generic member + other reptile] Celoydi includes all members of class Reptilia. [index]
cepondi - spirit, soul. [Etym: generic member + living energy] [index]
cetawdi - bird, avian. [Etym: generic member + other bird] [index]
cetwedi - illness, disease. [Etym: generic member + illness/disease] Cetwedi includes all illnesses, mental and physical, but not the actual wounds, growths, rashes, etc associated with an illness. [index]
cevendi - member, fellow, associate, one who is part of a social/political/business group. [Etym: generic member + social/political/business relation] [index]
cexadi - tree. [Etym: generic member + other tree] Cexadi includes all softwood and hardwood trees. [index]
cexoydi - organ, body-part. [Etym: generic member + other organ or body part] Cexoydi applies to any organ of an animal or plant. [index]
cexudi - stuff, substance. [Etym: generic member + plant/animal substance] See also cegedi. [index]
cezedi - profession, occupation, field, business, vocation, line of work. [Etym: generic member + other profession] [index]
cezidi - unit (of measure). [Etym: generic member + measurement] [index]
cezodi - fish. [Etym: generic member + other fish] [index]
cezwedi - furniture (piece of). [Etym: generic member + furniture] Pi bizweda cezwedi pe = This piece of furniture is a sofa. Note that "cezwedi" is a count noun in Nasendi even though "furniture" is a mass noun in English. Use the plural form to represent the English mass noun: Bume pi jutada Najoncedi nicezwedi pe = John doesn't like this furniture. [index]
cima - about, approximately, circa, more or less. [index]
cinbido - strong, powerful, mighty, having great physical strength. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + scalar non-relational state] Cinbido implies physical strength (although it can certainly be used metaphorically). For the more abstract sense of 'having power', see TBD. [index]
cindi - doctor, physician, MD. [Etym: "cin" is the 'business/academic group member' classifier] [index]
cinfida - work, function, be in working order, be functional or operational. [Etym: see cinfido] Meki teda femi cacindi bume pi cinfida cabyadi = Did you tell the plumber that the toilet doesn't work? [index]
cinfido - in working order, working, functional/functioning, operational. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + binary non-relational state] Fida fekandi cinfido jomu ma topyo kanjidi = There were four bicycles in working order in the garage. Fayda zemi nitawtebyadi cinzando maswa femudi cinfido ma = We exchanged the broken radios for two in working order. [index]
cinfivyu - fix, repair, mend, make functional/operational, put into working order. [Etym: see cinfido] Cinfivyu byacindi ma libyadi femay-ziday = A technician fixed the television yesterday. [index]
cinfudi - bread (loaf). [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + food item] Bume goguda mi cinfudi mave gozuda xema godi poy = I didn't cut the bread because my knife was very dull. Note that "cinfudi" is a count noun, NOT a mass noun. Use "cinfuvay" for the mass noun; i.e., to refer specifically to the substance rather than to the whole loaf. [index]
cingyadi - clinic [medical]. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + place of business] [index]
cintude - in case (of), in the eventuality of/that. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + other scalar relational state] [index]
cintudu - ready (for/to), fit, prepared. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + other scalar relational state] [index]
cintuku - get (oneself) ready to/for, prepare (oneself) to/for, ready oneself to/for. [index]
cintuvu - prepare (to/for), make/get ready/fit (to/for). [index]
cinxando - sick, ill, unhealthy, ailing, unwell, not healthy. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
cinxodo - healthy, well, in good health. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + binary non-relational state] [index]
cinxovyu - heal, cure, restore to health. [index]
cinzando - broken, dysfunctional, out of order, in disrepair, not in working order. [Etym: healthy/strong/functional/ready + opposite binary non-relational state] Pyoka femi gyadi maveki pye gyatevi gyacindi jinbyadi cinzando xedo bape = Why did you stay at the store and haggle with the merchant about that old broken stove? Fayda zemi nitawtebyadi cinzando maswa femudi cinfido ma = We exchanged the broken radios for two in working order. [index]
cinzanvyu - break, disable, put out of order, inactivate, incapacitate, cripple, ruin, cause to become broken or dysfunctional. [Etym: see cinzando] Cinzanvyu nifocedi bimudi topyo todi zepoy = The children broke everything in our room. [index]
cinzudo - weak, feeble, lacking strength. [Etym: strong + antonym scalar non-relational state] Pi cinzuda tawcandi tawxedo topyodu laygyadi = The high ceiling in the train station is weak. [index]
citudu - like, similar to, analogous to. [Etym: about/approximate + other scalar relational state] See also cituvaw. [index]
cituka - imitate, copy, cause oneself to be similar to. [index]
cituswa - like, similar to. See also citudu and cituvaw. [index]
cituvaw - similar [to each other], alike. See also citudu. [index]
cosinbunda - cosine. [Etym: mnemonic "cosin" + arithmetic function] Note that cosinbunda is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
cudi - lake, natural, completely enclosed body of fresh water. [Etym: "cu" is the 'body of water' classifier] [index]
donbyedo - green. [Etym: green + color] [index]
fawme - significance modal disjunct. This is the significance modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
fawmeki - interrogative significance modal disjunct. See fawme. [index]
fayda - exchange, swap, trade, switch, interchange. [Etym: "fay" is the 'exchange and transfer verb' classifier] Fayda zemi nitawtebyadi cinzando maswa femudi cinfido ma = We exchanged the broken radios for two in working order. [index]
faypye - instead of, rather than, in place of, in lieu of. Note that faypye is a true conjunction while P/F-s faypyesade is a case tag, thus they have different syntactic constraints. [index]
faypyesa - substitute for, replace, supplant, take the place of, be a substitute/replacement for. [index]
faypyesade - instead of, rather than, in place of, in lieu of. Note that faypye is a true conjunction while P/F-s faypyesade is a case tag, thus they have different syntactic constraints. [index]
faytado - grateful (for), thankful, obliged, feeling grateful, thankful, or obliged for. [Etym: exchange/alternate/replace + emotional state] Pi faytada nijincedi tawxeda cadi topyodu calaydi may-ziday = The fire fighters are grateful that the water in the canal was high today. [index]
fayteda - thank (for), express gratitude, give or offer thanks. [Etym: exchange/alternate/replace + speech act] Meki fayteda femi Naryacedi jadi = Did you thank Mary for the book? [index]
febemu - both, group of two. Febemu is equivalent to English "both" only if it is singular and definite. Otherwise, it simply means 'group of two'. [index]
febido - pristine, untouched, wild, virgin, unsullied, undeveloped, native, in its natural state. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + scalar non-relational state] [index]
fecindi - realtor, land broker, real estate agent/broker. [Etym: land + business/academic group member] [index]
fedi - land, terra firma, ground. [Etym: "fe" is the 'other natural location' classifier] [index]
fefawmu - secondary, second in importance, rank, or value. [index]
fefido - natural, occuring in nature, not artificial. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + binary non-relational state] [index]
fegodi - scissors. [Etym: two + knife] Pi fida maveki fegodi femu ma tawmoy lozwedi = Why are there two pairs of scissors under the table? [index]
fejimu - double, two-in-one, two of a kind. [index]
fekandi - bicycle. [Etym: two + vehicle] Fida fekandi cinfido jomu ma topyo kanjidi = There were four bicycles in working order in the garage. [index]
fekondo - undecided, vacillating, of two minds, indecisive. [Etym: two + mental state] [index]
felaydi - nature preserve, reserve, reservation, park, sanctuary. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + infrastructure] [index]
feloda - camp (out), go camping. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + activity] [index]
femaw - tenseless-continuative disjunct. This is the tenseless-continuative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
femawsya - continue (on), remain ongoing. [index]
femawsyade - still, continue to, something continues to be the case. [index]
femawvya - continue, keep an event ongoing. Do not confuse femawvya with gimawvya. Femawvya implies continuity of an event with no implication of interruption. Gimawvya implies the resumption of an event after an interruption. [index]
femay - earlier, already, at a time before now. [index]
femay-ziday - yesterday. [Etym: past/earlier + day] Cinfivyu byacindi ma libyadi femay-ziday = A technician fixed the television yesterday. [index]
femi - you. This is the second person pronoun and always refers to the listener. Use ni- to refer to more than one listener: [index]
femu - two. Xemo figuda femi jicandi ma canpyo nicejidi femu = You should have built a fence between the two buildings. [index]
femukoy - twice, two times, on two occasions. [index]
fepa - past-continuative disjunct. This is the past-continuative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
fepaw - there [near listener]. [index]
fepe - that [near the listener]. Binfayda femi mudiki maswa jadi fepe = How much did you pay for that book? Pi buda fekandi fepe bupye fida ladi femu ma topyo kanjidi = That bicycle is bad but there are two good ones in the garage. [index]
fepi - present-continuative disjunct. This is the present-continuative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
fepoy - your. This is the second person genitive adjective and always refers to the listener. Use ni- to refer to more than one listener: [index]
fepu - future-continuative disjunct. This is the future-continuative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
fetamu - second [in sequence]. [index]
fexando - tame, not feral or wild. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
fexodo - wild, feral, undomesticated, untamed, savage. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + binary non-relational state] Teda Najoncedi mi pi fida judi fexodo lamu ma pyo lafedi = John told me that there are several wild dogs on the island. [index]
fezando - artificial, man-made, synthetic, unnatural, not occurring in nature. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
fezidi - hectare, a unit of land area measure equal to 10,000 square meters (= 2.471 acres). [Etym: land + measure] [index]
fezudo - developed, modified from its natural state to a state suitable for man's needs. [Etym: natural/wild/pristine + scalar non-relational state] [index]
ficindi - engineer. [Etym: reality/build/engineer + business/academic group member] [index]
fida - there is/are/etc, it is/are/etc, exist, actually, really, in reality, ..., be real or actual or true. [Etym: see fido] Fida indicates that the patient entity exists or that the patient situation is real. Fida jindi ma topyo togyadi fomoydu tawgyadi = There was a fire in the hotel near the airport. Pi fida laydi pe mave pi tada cedi xemu ma kanlovi pyosude cajindi = This road exists because a lot of people want to go to the waterfall. Pi fida bume jutada Naryacedi catodi = It's true that Mary didn't like the bathroom. [index]
fido - actual, existent, real. [Etym: "fi" is the 'other binary non-relational state' classifier] [index]
figuda - build, construct, fabricate, erect, make. [Etym: reality/build/engineer + action] [index]
finma - too, excessively, over-. For scalar states, fin- can be applied directly to the scalar root: [index]
finmado - excessive, inordinate, overrated, overblown, outrageous, overdone. [index]
finmu - too many/much. [index]
fisendi - design, plan, layout, procedure, program. [Etym: reality/build/engineer + protocol] [index]
fisyu - happen, come about/come to be, become a reality. [index]
fivusoy - carry out, implement, put into effect/practice, translate into action, bring off, carry off, pull off, bring to pass, accomplish. See also guka. [index]
fivya - ensure, make sure (of/that), guarantee. [index]
fivyu - cause, make, produce, implement, have, let's, cause to become a reality. If imperative fivyudoy is used and the subject of the embedded clause is jomi, then it is equivalent to English "let's": [index]
fobenxodi - ignoramus, dolt, dunce, dope, dumbbell, someone of low intelligence. [Etym: low polarity + intelligent] [index]
fobenxodo - stupid, dumb, obtuse, doltish, of low intelligence. [Etym: low polarity + intelligent] [index]
fobinjadi - coin, specie, unit of hard money. [Etym: low polarity + money] [index]
fobyomo - low necessity modal disjunct. See byomo. [index]
focedi - child, youth, kid, a young person. [Etym: low polarity + person] Cinzanvyu nifocedi bimudi topyo todi zepoy = The children broke everything in our room. Note that "focedi" cannot be used with the meaning 'offspring'. For that usage, see gakindi. [index]
focingyadi - doctor's office. [Etym: low polarity + healthy/strong/functional/ready + place of business] [index]
focudi - pool [natural], water hole. [Etym: low polarity + lake] [index]
fodo - young, youthful. [Etym: "fo" is the 'opposite measurable scalar non-relational physical states' classifier] [index]
fodontawbyedo - turquoise [the color]. [Etym: light + green + blue + color] [index]
fofawme - low significance modal disjunct. See fawme. [index]
fofedi - islet, key, small island. [Etym: low polarity + other non-water natural location] [index]
fofemay - a little while ago. [index]
fogeme - low acceptability modal disjunct. See geme. [index]
fogemeda - disfavor, frown (up)on, deprecate. [index]
fogomu - a small fraction of. [index]
fojinxedo - warm [temperature], not that hot. [Etym: low polarity + hot] [index]
fojomo - low consequentiality modal disjunct. See jomo. [index]
fokonmendi - elementary school, grammar school, primary school, grade school. [Etym: low polarity + knowledge + site] [index]
folime - low evidentiality modal disjunct. See lime. [index]
folimeda - doubt, question, be skeptical, consider unlikely due to the paucity of evidence or reason. See also fomeda. [index]
folimedo - skeptical, doubtful, doubting, skeptical due to the paucity of evidence or reason. [index]
folimesodo - problematic, dubious, unlikely due to the paucity of evidence or reason. [index]
foma - slightly, not too, a little, a bit, to a small or low degree. [index]
fomado - mere, meager, slight, low, weak, of a small or low degree. [index]
fome - low probability modal disjunct. See me. [index]
fomeda - doubt, question, be doubtful about, have doubts about, be skeptical about, consider unlikely or improbable. [index]
fomedo - skeptical, doubtful, doubting. Fomedo should be applied to a person who has doubts, not to an event. Use fomesodo for an event whose outcome is in doubt. [index]
Fomeso. - Probably not, Not likely, That's probably not correct. Fomeso is a complete sentence and takes no arguments. In reply to a statement, it indicates that the statement is probably not true. In reply to a question, it indicates that fome should have appeared in place of the question disjunct (typically meki). [index]
fomesodo - unlikely, improbable, dubious. [index]
fomo - low obligation modal disjunct. See mo. [index]
fomoy - near, close to. Teda koncindi nitakoncedi fomoyda konjidi xedo cajindi ma = The teacher told the students that the old library was near a waterfall. See also zumoy. [index]
fomu - few, little [quantity], a small amount or quantity, not too much, not too many. [index]
fomukoy - occasionally, on occasion, from time to time, once in a while, not too often, a few times. [index]
fomwa - less, comparative modifier. See also tupye. [index]
fopu - soon, in the near future, in a short time from now. Keep in mind that fopu is a disjunct, not an adverb! See also pu. [index]
fosendi - creole. [Etym: low polarity + language] See also zusendi. [index]
fotamu - early, near the beginning (of a sequence), early in a sequence. [index]
fotebyadi - intercom. [Etym: low polarity + speech + device] [index]
fotexidi - morpheme, a meaningful component of a word. [Etym: low polarity + word] [index]
fotonme - low inevitability modal disjunct. See tonme. [index]
fovendi - subordinate, underling, inferior, subaltern. [Etym: low polarity + social/political/business relation] Teda xevendi nifovendi xeho tada xehi loda fohi topyo bitodi = The boss told his subordinates that he wanted them to work in the auditorium. [index]
foxwame - low hedge modal disjunct. See xwame. [index]
fozidi - minute, unit of measure equal to 60 seconds. [Etym: low polarity + measure] [index]
fubudo - foul-tasting, unpalatable, unsavory, unappetizing. [Etym: food/stomach + antonym scalar non-relational state] Bume tada nifocedi fuguvi fudi fubudo = The children didn't want to swallow the foul-tasting food. [index]
fucedi - gourmet/gourmand, connoisseur, epicure, bon vivant. [Etym: food/stomach + person] [index]
fudi - food, fare, victual, comestible, edible, item that can be eaten. [Etym: "fu" is the 'other food item' classifier] Bume tada nifocedi fuguvi fudi fubudo = The children didn't want to swallow the foul-tasting food. Note that "fudi" is a count noun in Nasendi even though it is a mass noun in English. Thus, "fudi" literally means 'food item'. However, we will often translate it as 'food' if the result sounds more natural. This will also apply to many other roots that have the classifier "-fu". [index]
fufido - edible, eatable, fit for consumption. [Etym: food/stomach + binary non-relational state] [index]
fugodi - spoon. [Etym: food/stomach + tool/instrument] [index]
fuguda - swallow, gulp (down), bolt (down), gobble, ingurgitate. [Etym: food/stomach + action] Bume tada nifocedi fuguvi fudi fubudo = The children didn't want to swallow the foul-tasting food. [index]
fugyadi - restaurant, eating house, eatery, a place of business where cooked food can be bought and eaten. [Etym: food/stomach + place of business] [index]
fujodi - meal, repast. [Etym: food/stomach + complete performance] Bume pi fuloda mi mave pi fubuda fujodi = I'm not eating because the meal is foul-tasting. [index]
fulado - tasty, savory, good-tasting, toothsome, palatable. [Etym: food/stomach + scalar non-relational state] [index]
fulida - hungry. [Etym: food/stomach + physical relationship] Note that "fulida" is a P/F-s verb. Use "fulido" for the adjective. [index]
fuloda - eat, ingest. [Etym: food/stomach + activity] Bume pi fuloda mi mave pi fubuda fujodi = I'm not eating because the meal is foul-tasting. [index]
futodi - dining room, lunchroom, mess, eating room. [Etym: food/stomach + room] Lida mi Najoncedi pyo futodi fulode = I saw John in the dining room eating. [index]
futuda - taste like/of, have the flavor of. [Etym: food/stomach + other scalar relational state] [index]
fuzando - inedible, uneatable, not fit for consumption. [Etym: food/stomach + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
gagikindi - granddaughter. [Etym: child's daughter + kin] [index]
gakindi - child, offspring. [Etym: child + kin] Note that gakindi cannot be used to represent the sense of 'youth'. See focedi. [index]
geme - acceptability modal disjunct. This is the acceptability modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
gemeki - interrogative acceptability modal disjunct. See geme. [index]
gemu - enough, sufficient, adequate, ample, plenty of. [index]
gibyedo - purple. [Etym: purple + color] [index]
gijimu - triple, three-in-one, three of a kind. [index]
gikindi - daughter, female child. [Etym: female child + kin] [index]
gimaw - tenseless-resumptive disjunct. This is the tenseless-resumptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
gimawsyu - resume, continue on. [index]
gimawvya - resume, continue on with. [index]
gimay - later, at a time after now. [index]
gimay-ziday - tomorrow. [Etym: future/later + day] Gyaloda mi gimay-ziday jaypide pyoda femi konjidi = I'll go shopping tomorrow when you're at the library. [index]
gimi - he/him, she/her, it. This is the third person pronoun and always refers to someone or something other than the speaker or listener that is part of the current environment (regardless of distance). It should never be used as an anaphor. [index]
gimu - three. [index]
gimukoy - thrice, three times, on three occasions. [index]
gipa - past-resumptive disjunct. This is the past-resumptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
gipaw - over there [away from both speaker and listener]. [index]
gipe - that [away from both speaker and listener]. Nuyebume topyovudoy nikonzwedi gipe lokandi makay mi = Please don't put those desks in the truck without me. [index]
gipi - present-resumptive disjunct. This is the present-resumptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
gipoy - his, her, its. This is the third person genitive adjective and always refers to someone or something other than the speaker or listener that is part of the current environment (regardless of distance). It should never be used as an anaphor. [index]
gipu - future-resumptive disjunct. This is the future-resumptive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
gitamu - third. [index]
gobido - sharp, keen, edged for cutting. [Etym: cut/incise/sharp + scalar non-relational state] Pi posa ceki fegodi gobido poy = Who has my sharp scissors? [index]
godi - knife. [Etym: "go" is the 'tool, utensil, and non-powered instrument' classifier] Bume goguda mi cinfudi mave gozuda xema godi poy = I didn't cut the bread because my knife was very dull. [index]
goguda - cut, incise, slice, gash. [Etym: cut/incise/sharp + action] Bume goguda mi cinfudi mave gozuda xema godi poy = I didn't cut the bread because my knife was very dull. [index]
gozudo - dull, blunt, unsharp, unedged. [Etym: cut/incise/sharp + antonym scalar non-relational state] Bume goguda mi cinfudi mave gozuda xema godi poy = I didn't cut the bread because my knife was very dull. [index]
guda - do something to, affect. [Etym: "gu" is the 'other action' classifier] [index]
guka - do, carry out. See also fivusoy and guda. Meki guka femi nilojodi po tateda mi femi gukavi lohi = Did you do the tasks that I asked you to do? [index]
gukado - busy, occupied. [index]
gukakwa - activity, goings-on, doings. [index]
gukasodi - deed, act, action, activity. [index]
gukavoy - busy, occupied, be doing something. Keep in mind that gukavoy is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
gukindi - son, male child. [Etym: male child + kin] [index]
guko - use on/for, apply to. Note that guko is A/P/F-d and that the order of the two objects is the opposite of their English order (it is the focus that is being "used on" the patient). IMPORTANT! See also guvya. [index]
guku - achieve, accomplish. [index]
gukwa - action, deed, act. [index]
gukya - act, behave. [index]
gukyakwa - behavior. [index]
guswa - with [instrumental], by, by means of, via, on. [index]
guvya - operate, run, control, manage, use, utilize, employ, make use of, put to use. See also guko [index]
guvyakwe - under the control of. Note that guvyakwe is a verb, not an adjective! See also guvya and guvyavoy. [index]
guvyaso - in use/operation (to be ...). Note that guvyaso is a verb, NOT an adjective. [index]
guvyavoy - in charge/control. Note that guvyavoy is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
gwecindi - actor, player. [Etym: meaning/representation/alternative + business/academic group member] [index]
gwemwa - spelling start particle. [index]
gwepye - or (else), either .. or. [Etym: alternative + conjunction] [index]
gwepyedo - alternative, other, else. [index]
Gwepyesoyda - Otherwise, ..., Alternatively, .... Note that gwepyesoyda is a verbal disjunct and takes a single clause for an argument. [index]
gyacindi - merchant, storekeeper, shopkeeper, dealer, retailer. [Etym: buy/sell/retail + business/academic group member] Lida mi topyovu gyacindi binjadi binbyadi = I saw the merchant put the money in the cash register. Pyoka femi gyadi maveki pye gyatevi gyacindi jinbyadi cinzando xedo bape = Why did you stay at the store and haggle with the merchant about that old broken stove? [index]
gyadi - store [retail], shop, mart. [Etym: "gya" is the 'place of business' classifier] Pyoka femi gyadi maveki pye gyatevi gyacindi jinbyadi cinzando xedo bape = Why did you stay at the store and haggle with the merchant about that old broken stove? [index]
gyafayda - sell, vend, transfer ownership to someone in exchange for money. [Etym: commerce + exchange/swap/transfer] Gyafayda mi jadi make Najoncedi maswa binzidi lumu ma = I sold the book to John for five dollars. [index]
gyalaydi - marketplace, open market, bazaar, outdoor marketplace. [Etym: buy/sell/retail + infrastructure] [index]
gyaloda - shop, go shopping. [Etym: buy/sell/retail + activity] Gyaloda mi gimay-ziday jaypide pyoda femi konjidi = I'll go shopping tomorrow when you're at the library. [index]
gyateda - haggle, dicker, negotiate, bargain. [Etym: buy/sell/retail + speech act] Pyoka femi gyadi maveki pye gyatevi gyacindi jinbyadi cinzando xedo bape = Why did you stay at the store and haggle with the merchant about that old broken stove? [index]
gyavendi - customer, client, buyer, patron. [Etym: buy/sell/retail + social/political/business relation] [index]
gyazwedi - counter, checkout (counter), table or other flat surface over which business transactions are conducted. [Etym: buy/sell/retail + furniture] Fida tetawdi byefido ma limoydu gyazwedi pyo lungyadi = There was a colorful parrot behind the counter at the pub. [index]
jadi - book, volume, tome. [Etym: "ja" is the 'social item' classifier] [index]
jagikindi - half sister. [Etym: parent's daughter + kin] [index]
jajakindi - grandparent. [Etym: parent's parent + kin] Repeat the initial ja to add one or more 'great' modifiers; e.g., use jajajakindi for 'great grandparent'. [index]
jajidi - town hall, city hall, municipal building. [Etym: public/social/communal + building] [index]
jajikindi - grandmother. [Etym: parent's mother + kin] Repeat the initial ja to add one or more 'great' modifiers; e.g., use jajajikindi for 'great grandmother'. [index]
jajukindi - grandfather. [Etym: parent's father + kin] Repeat the initial ja to add one or more 'great' modifiers; e.g., use jajajukindi for 'great grandfather'. [index]
jakindi - parent, mother or father. [Etym: parent + kin] [index]
jalaydi - park, common(s). [Etym: public/social/communal + infrastructure] [index]
jatagikindi - stepsister. [Etym: parent's spouse's daughter + kin] [index]
jaymaw - tenseless-perfective disjunct. This is the tenseless-perfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
jaymwa - closing parenthesis. See kunmwa. [index]
jaypa - past-perfective disjunct. Jaypa is synonymous with pa. [index]
jaypi - present-perfective disjunct. This is the present-perfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
jaypide - when, while, during, as, at [temporal], at the same time as. [index]
jaypika - spend (time), pass. [index]
jaypu - future-perfective disjunct. Jaypu is synonymous with pu. [index]
jazagakindi - cousin. [Etym: parent's sibling's child + kin] [index]
jazukindi - uncle. [Etym: parent's brother + kin] [index]
jicandi - fence [enclosure or barrier]. [Etym: building + separator] Xemo figuda femi jicandi ma canpyo nicejidi femu = You should have built a fence between the two buildings. [index]
jidi - house [residential], building for residence of typically one family or household. [Etym: "ji" is the 'other building' classifier] Jintada jikindi poy mi mave moyda mi jidi = My mother was angry at me because I was away from the house. [index]
jijudi - cat [domestic]. [Etym: house/habitual/inherent/reside + carnivore] Jijudi refers only to the domestic cat, Felis catus. Pi jiloda jijudi muki pyo jidi fepoy = How many cats live at your house? [index]
jikindi - mother, female parent. [Etym: female parent + kin] Jintada jikindi poy mi mave moyda mi jidi = My mother was angry at me because I was away from the house. [index]
jiloda - dwell, live, reside, make one's home. [Etym: house/habitual/inherent/reside + activity] See also jilokya. Pi jiloda jijudi muki pyo jidi fepoy = How many cats live at your house? [index]
jilokya - inhabit, live/reside at/in, occupy. See also jiloda. [index]
jimaw - tenseless-habitual disjunct. This is the tenseless-habitual disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
jimawde - every (time), each (time). TBD: "every three weeks", "each time you shout" [index]
jimawsyade - usually, habitually, regularly, customarily, typically, routinely. [index]
jimawsyadi - habit, wont, custom, routine, convention. [index]
jimawsyado - typical, usual, habitual, regular, customary, routine, conventional. [index]
jimawvya - do habitually, be in the habit of. [index]
jinbyadi - stove, range, appliance used for cooking food. [Etym: fire/heat/yellow + other device] Pyoka femi gyadi maveki pye gyatevi gyacindi jinbyadi cinzando xedo bape = Why did you stay at the store and haggle with the merchant about that old broken stove? [index]
jinbyedo - yellow. [Etym: yellow + color] Meki pi lida femi cetawdi jinbyedo gipe = Do you see that yellow bird? [index]
jincedi - fireman, fire fighter. [Etym: fire/heat/yellow + person] Pi faytada nijincedi tawxeda cadi topyodu calaydi may-ziday = The fire fighters are grateful that the water in the canal was high today. [index]
jincindi - chef, cook. [Etym: fire/heat/yellow + business/academic group member] [index]
jindi - fire, blaze. [Etym: "jin" is the 'non-weather natural phenomenon' classifier] Pi konda mi pi jinxeda jindi = I know that the fire is hot. [index]
jinfido - cooked, not raw, food prepared using heat. [Etym: fire/heat/yellow + binary non-relational state] [index]
jinfodo - cold, of relatively low temperature. [Etym: fire/heat/yellow + antonym scalar non-relational state] [index]
jingodi - thermometer, temperature indicator. [Etym: fire/heat/yellow + tool/instrument] [index]
jinkandi - firetruck, fire engine. [Etym: fire/heat/yellow + vehicle] [index]
jinloda - cook, prepare food using heat. [Etym: fire/heat/yellow + activity] [index]
jinsendi - recipe, cooking instructions. [Etym: fire/heat/yellow + protocol] [index]
jintada - angry, irate, furious, incensed, indignant, infuriated, mad. [Etym: fire/heat/yellow + emotional state] Note that "jintada" is a verb, not an adjective! Jintada jikindi poy mi mave moyda mi jidi = My mother was angry at me because I was away from the house. [index]
jintodi - kitchen, room where food is cooked or prepared. [Etym: fire/heat/yellow + room] [index]
jinxedo - hot, of relatively high temperature. [Etym: fire/heat/yellow + scalar non-relational state] Pi konda mi pi jinxeda jindi = I know that the fire is hot. [index]
jinxudi - urine. [Etym: fire/heat/yellow + plant/animal substance] [index]
jipa - past-habitual disjunct. This is the past-habitual disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
jipasyado - past, former, prior, previous, earlier, preceding. Jipasyado has the sense 'past/former' as in the expression "past events" or "former employees". It implies habitual events or relationships. [index]
jipi - present-habitual disjunct. This is the present-habitual disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
jipisyado - present, current, present-day/-time/-age. Jipisyado has the sense 'current' as in the expression "current events" or "current employees". It implies habitual events or relationships. [index]
jipu - future-habitual disjunct. This is the future-habitual disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
jipusyado - future, following, later, coming, next. Jipusyado has the sense 'future' as in the expression "future events" or "future employees". It implies habitual events or relationships. [index]
jitudu - by nature, inherently, having the nature, quality, or characteristics of. [Etym: house/habitual/inherent/reside + other scalar relational state] [index]
jituki - what kind of [interrogative], being what by nature. [index]
jitukindi - stepfather, husband of biological mother that is not one's biological father. [Etym: mother's husband + kin] [index]
jodi - performance, production, show, presentation, engagement. [Etym: "jo" is the 'complete performance' classifier] Jutada cedi xemu ma jodi po nitakoncedi = A lot of people liked the students' performance. [index]
jofido - whole, complete, entire, total, intact, undiminished. [Etym: complete/finish/result/consequence + binary non-relational state] [index]
jofudi - stew, chowder, goulash, ragout, mulligan. [Etym: complete/finish/result/consequence + food item] [index]
jokonda - know by heart, know letter-perfect, have memorized, know perfectly and completely. [Etym: complete/finish/result/consequence + other mental state] [index]
jokonku - memorize, commit to memory, learn by heart, fix in the mind. [Etym: complete/finish/result/consequence + other mental state] [index]
jomaw - tenseless-completive disjunct. This is the tenseless-completive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
jomawsyu - come to an ending/finishing point, end, finish. [index]
jomawvya - finish, end, bring to an end. [index]
jomay - earlier (in the indicated time period). Jomay never appears alone. It must always be followed by a time-measure previous-word modifier and will represent a time before the current time but within the indicated time period. See also lumay. [index]
jomi - we/us, we/us here but not others. This is the inclusive first person pronoun and refers to the speaker plus any listeners, but not to others. [index]
jomo - consequentiality modal disjunct. This is the consequentiality modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
jomoki - interrogative consequentiality modal disjunct. See jomo. [index]
jomu - four. Fida fekandi cinfido jomu ma topyo kanjidi = There were four bicycles in working order in the garage. [index]
jomwa - complete parenthetical expression stop. See camwa and fepye. [index]
jopa - past-completive disjunct. This is the past-completive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
jopaw - here or there [near listener], either here or there near you. [index]
jope - this/that. Jope can refer to something near the speaker or near the listener or both. It has no real English equivalent. [index]
jopi - present-completive disjunct. This is the present-completive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
jopoy - our, both my and your but not of others. This is the inclusive first person genitive adjective and refers to the speaker plus any listeners, but not to others. [index]
jopu - future-completive disjunct. This is the future-completive disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
jopye - if, as long as, in the event, provided (that), on condition, if it should happen that, etc. [index]
jopyeda - depend on, be contingent on, be conditional on. [index]
jopyede - as long as, depending on, provided/providing (that), on condition (of), if. [index]
jopyeki - What if ...?. [index]
jopyekwe - then [conditional]. Note that the word jopyekwe meaning 'if' can NOT be used here even though English requires it. See also jopye. [index]
jopyekweda - imply, entail, connote, presuppose, mean, involve. [index]
jotado - satisfied (with), content(ed), at ease, comfortable. [Etym: finish/result/consequence + emotional state] [index]
jotodi - apartment, flat, tenement, chambers. [Etym: finish/result/consequence + functional section of building] [index]
joydi - boat, ship. [Etym: "joy" is the 'water vehicle' classifier] [index]
jozada - result (in), produce, lead to, bring forth, yield, have as a result/product/outcome. [Etym: finish/result/consequence + binary relational state] [index]
jozade - that, such that, producing, leading to, bringing forth, the result/outcome being. [Etym: see jozada] [index]
jozando - incomplete, partial, deficient, lacking, wanting, short. [Etym: finish/result/consequence + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
judi - dog. [Etym: "ju" is the 'carnivore' classifier] Judi includes all breeds of Canis familiaris. [index]
jukindi - father, male biological parent. [Etym: male parent + kin] [index]
jutada - like, enjoy, delight in, relish, be pleased with. [Etym: like/friend + emotion/desire mental state] Pi jutada mi tawgyadi mave pi jutinda nicedi pyodu lungyadi tawho = I like the airport because the people at its pub are friendly. [index]
jutado - pleased (with), delighted, thrilled, gratified, appreciative. [Etym: see jutada] [index]
jutindo - friendly, amiable/amicable, congenial, agreeable, pleasant. [Etym: like/friend + scalar non-relational state] Pi jutada mi tawgyadi mave pi jutinda nicedi pyodu lungyadi tawho = I like the airport because the people at its pub are friendly. [index]
jutoydo - unfriendly, unamicable, uncordial, unsociable, hostile. [Etym: like/friend + antonym scalar non-relational state] [index]
juvendi - friend, buddy, pal, chum, comrade, intimate. [Etym: like/friend + social/political/business relation] [index]
kancindi - mechanic, one who repairs and maintains vehicles and other mechanical items. [Etym: vehicle + business/academic group member] Teda kancindi mi pu cinfivyu kanhi kandi poy maswa binzidi jobumu ma = The mechanic told me that he'll fix my car for forty dollars. [index]
kandi - automobile, car, auto. [Etym: "kan" is the 'other vehicle' classifier] Teda kancindi mi pu cinfivyu kanhi kandi poy maswa binzidi jobumu ma = The mechanic told me that he'll fix my car for forty dollars. [index]
kanfodo - slow, leisurely, having a low rate of motion or activity. [Etym: go/move/fast + antonym scalar non-relational state] [index]
kangyadi - gas station, filling station, service station. [Etym: vehicle + place of business] [index]
kanjadi - license plate. [Etym: vehicle + social item] Bufayvo nikanjadi po jinkandi pyodu kanlaydi = The license plates of the firetruck in the parking lot were stolen. [index]
kanjidi - garage, carbarn, coach or carriage house. [Etym: vehicle + building] Fida fekandi cinfido jomu ma topyo kanjidi = There were four bicycles in working order in the garage. [index]
kanjodi - trip, journey, voyage, jaunt, excursion. [Etym: go/move/fast + complete performance] Pi zizada kanjodi pyosudu cajindi xesendi xedo ma = The trip to the waterfall is an old tradition. [index]
kanlaydi - parking lot. [Etym: vehicle + infrastructure] Bufayvo nikanjadi po jinkandi pyodu kanlaydi = The license plates of the firetruck in the parking lot were stolen. [index]
kanloda - go, travel. [Etym: go/move/fast + activity] Tada nifocedi kanlovi pyosude lijogyadi = The children wanted to go to the movie theater. [index]
kanxedo - fast, quick, having a high rate of motion or activity. [Etym: go/move/fast + scalar non-relational state] [index]
kindi - relative, kinsman, kin, relation. [Etym: "kin" is the 'kinship' classifier] See also bekindi and zubekindi. [index]
konbindi - faculty, teaching staff. [Etym: knowledge/learning + business/academic group] [index]
koncindi - teacher. [Etym: knowledge/learning + business/academic group member] See also konloda. Teda koncindi nitakoncedi fomoyda konjidi xedo cajindi ma = The teacher told the students that the old library was near a waterfall. [index]
konda - know (about), have knowledge of, realize. [Etym: "kon" is the 'other mental state' classifier] [index]
kondo - knowing, cognizant, aware, in the know. [Etym: see konda] [index]
konjadi - textbook, schoolbook. [Etym: knowledge/learning + book] [index]
konjidi - library, a place, typically a single building, that has a large collection of books. [Etym: knowledge/learning + other building] Teda koncindi nitakoncedi fomoyda konjidi xedo cajindi ma = The teacher told the students that the old library was near a waterfall. [index]
konjodi - lesson, lecture, class, unit of teaching or learning. [Etym: knowledge/learning + complete performance] [index]
konka - keep track of, keep up on, keep abreast of, monitor, keep oneself up-to-date about. [index]
konku - determine, find out, ascertain, learn. [index]
konloda - teach. [Etym: knowledge/learning + activity] See also koncindi. [index]
konmendi - school, educational institution. [Etym: knowledge/learning + site] [index]
konsu - learn, find out, come to know, discover, realize. [index]
konteda - explain, explicate, expound, spell out, clarify, elucidate, make something well understood. [Etym: knowledge/learning + speech act] [index]
kontindo - wise, sage, sagacious. [Etym: knowledge/learning + scalar non-relational state] Pi posa nucedi kontindo bujuvendi bumu ma = Wise people have no enemies. [index]
kontodi - classroom, schoolroom. [Etym: knowledge/learning + room] Pi fida konzwedi muki topyo kontodi bape = How many desks are in that classroom? [index]
kontoydo - foolish, unwise, imprudent, asinine, senseless, witless, dumb. [Etym: knowledge/learning + antonym scalar non-relational state] [index]
konva - keep current/up-to-date on. [index]
konvenda - know, be acquainted with, be an acquaintance of. [Etym: knowledge/learning + social/political/business relation] Pi konvenda mi bingyacindi bupye bume konvenda mi cindi = I know the banker but I don't know the doctor. [index]
konvendi - acquaintance, someone that one knows or has met. [Etym: knowledge/learning + social/political/business relation] [index]
konvu - inform, make aware of, enlighten. [index]
konzindi - teaching, pedagogy, education, instruction, schooling. [Etym: knowledge/learning + business/academic profession] [index]
konzwedi - desk, writing table. [Etym: knowledge/learning + furniture] Pi fida konzwedi muki topyo kontodi bape = How many desks are in that classroom? [index]
kunmaw - tenseless-imperfective disjunct. This is the tenseless-imperfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
kunmwa - opening parenthesis. Use Kunmwa and jaymwa to enclose coordinated phrases that require common modification. See the chapter on COORDINATION AMBIGUITY in the reference manual. Kunmwa and jaymwa should also be used to prevent an argument or modifier from attaching to the immediately preceding constituent when it is necessary to instead attach to its head. [index]
kunpa - past-imperfective disjunct. This is the past-imperfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
kunpi - present-imperfective disjunct. Kunpi is synonymous with pi. [index]
kunpu - future-imperfective disjunct. This is the future-imperfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. Kunpu jinloda mi jaypide kunpu gyaloda femi = I'll be cooking while you'll be going shopping. [index]
kunxedo - long [temporal], lengthy, protracted, prolonged, long-lasting. [Etym: long/period of time + scalar non-relational state] [index]
kunxesa - last [temporal], go on, take. [index]
kunxesade - for (a period/duration of), lasting. [index]
kunxeswi - time, measure the duration of. [index]
labyomo - average necessity modal disjunct. See byomo. [index]
lacudi - pond, a small lake. [Etym: average polarity + lake] [index]
lado - good, desirable, nice, opposite of bad. [Etym: "la" is the 'other scalar non-relational state' classifier] Pi buda fekandi fepe bupye fida ladi femu ma topyo kanjidi = That bicycle is bad but there are two good ones in the garage. [index]
lafawme - average significance modal disjunct. See fawme. [index]
lafayda - donate, contribute, bestow, give for a benevolent reason. [Etym: good + exchange/swap/transfer] Lafayda mi binzidi jobumu ma make xecingyadi ma masedu nucedi bintoydo = I donated forty dollars to a hospital for poor people. [index]
lafedi - island/isle. [Etym: average polarity + other non-water natural location] Teda Najoncedi mi pi fida judi fexodo lamu ma pyo lafedi = John told me that there are several wild dogs on the island. [index]
lageme - average acceptability modal disjunct. See geme. [index]
lagemeda - approve (of), accept, countenance, sanction, feel that focus is acceptable. [index]
lagemedo - approving, accepting, satisfied, feeling that something (the focus, if specified) is acceptable. [index]
lagemesodo - acceptable, admissible, okay. [index]
lagomu - about half. [index]
lajomo - average consequentiality modal disjunct. See jomo. [index]
lakonmendi - high school, secondary school, middle school. [Etym: average polarity + school] [index]
lalime - average evidentiality modal disjunct. See lime. [index]
lalimeda - suspect, imagine, feel that there is reasonable evidence for. [index]
lamado - ordinary, average, so-so, typical, common, usual, average in degree or magnitude. [index]
lamay - about now, at about this time. [index]
lame - average probability modal disjunct. See me. [index]
lamo - average obligation modal disjunct. See mo. [index]
lamoda - supposed to, highly obligated to. Note that lamoda is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
lamu - several, some, a moderate quantity of. [index]
lamukoy - sometimes, at times, now and then, occasionally. [index]
lamwa - as (much/many), comparative modifier. See also tupye. [index]
latamu - medial, middle, midway, midmost, intermediate, halfway, midway in a sequence. [index]
latonme - average inevitability modal disjunct. See tonme. [index]
lavendi - co-worker, workfellow, fellow worker, colleague. [Etym: average polarity + social/political/business relation] See also vendi. [index]
laxwame - average hedge modal disjunct. See xwame. [index]
laydi - road(way), carriageway, thoroughfare. [Etym: "lay" is the 'infrastructure' classifier] Pi fida laydi pe mave pi tada cedi xemu ma kanlovi pyosude cajindi = This road exists because a lot of people want to go to the waterfall. [index]
layfedi - peninsula, cape, promontory, headland. [Etym: long(spatial) + other non-water natural location] [index]
laygodi - ruler, rule, straightedge. [Etym: long(spatial) + tool/instrument] [index]
laygyadi - railroad station/depot, train station/depot. [Etym: train + place of business] Pi cinzuda tawcandi tawxedo topyodu laygyadi = The high ceiling in the train station is weak. [index]
laykandi - train, railroad train. [Etym: long(spatial) + vehicle] [index]
laypyo - along (the length of). [index]
layxedo - long [spatial], lengthy. [Etym: long(spatial) + scalar non-relational state] Meki pi lida femi jicandi layxedo gipe = Do you see that long fence? Pi layxesa jicandi gipe layzidi cabubumu ma = That fence is one hundred meters long. [index]
layzidi - meter [unit of measurement]. [Etym: long(spatial) + measurement] Pi layxesa gyazwedi topyodu lungyadi layzidi timu ma = The counter in the pub is eight meters long. [index]
lazidi - hour, unit of measure equal to 60 minutes. [Etym: average polarity + measure] [index]
lebubyedo - brown. [Etym: orange + black + color] [index]
lebyedo - orange [the color]. [Etym: orange + color] [index]
ledi - bee. [Etym: "le" is the 'bee & wasp' classifier] Ledi includes all members of superfamily Apoidea. [index]
libyadi - television (set), TV. [Etym: see/vision/clear + other device] Cinfivyu byacindi ma libyadi femay-ziday = A technician fixed the television yesterday. [index]
licandi - window. [Etym: see/vision/clear + separator] Canzanvyu femi candi maveki pye canfivyuvi licandi = Why did you open the door and close the window? [index]
lida - see, detect with the eye(s). [Etym: "li" is the 'physical relationship' classifier] Lida mi Najoncedi pyo futodi fulode = I saw John in the dining room eating. [index]
lifedi - mountain/mount, alp. [Etym: see/vision/clear + other non-water natural location] [index]
ligodi - glasses, spectacles, eyeglasses. [Etym: see/vision/clear + tool/instrument] [index]
ligyadi - museum. [Etym: see/vision/clear + place of business] Pi juvenda Naryacedi buvendi lumu bape lipyodu ligyadi = Mary is a friend of those five strangers in front of the museum. [index]
lijodi - movie, motion picture, film, flick. [Etym: see/vision/clear + complete performance] Pi bume bikonda mi lijodi po lida mi lihi pyo lijogyadi may-ziday = I didn't understand the movie that I saw at the movie theater today. [index]
lijogyadi - movie theater, cinema, movies. [Etym: movie + place of business] Pi bume bikonda mi lijodi po lida mi lihi pyo lijogyadi may-ziday = I didn't understand the movie that I saw at the movie theater today. [index]
likonda - imagine, visualize, picture, fancy, see in one's mind. [Etym: see + other mental state] [index]
liloda - read, understand the meaning of written symbols. [Etym: see + activity] [index]
lime - evidentiality modal disjunct. This is the evidentiality modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
limeda - accept as possible, admit the possibility of. (The agent admits the possibility of the focus because there may be evidence in support.) [index]
limeki - interrogative evidentiality modal disjunct. See lime. [index]
limesodo - plausible, conceivable, reasonable, justifiable. [index]
limoy - behind, in back of. Note that "limoy" is a LOCATIVE case tag, NOT a temporal one. Pi topyoda nifekandi zujidi limoydu jidi = The bicycles are in the shed behind the house. [index]
lipyo - in front of, ahead of. Note that "lipyo" is a LOCATIVE case tag, NOT a temporal one. Pi juvenda Naryacedi buvendi lumu bape lipyodu ligyadi = Mary is a friend of those five strangers in front of the museum. [index]
litawdi - owl. [Etym: see/clear/vision + other bird] "Litawdi" includes all members of order Strigiformes. [index]
lituda - resemble, look like. [Etym: see/clear/vision + other scalar relational state] [index]
lixanda - sleep, slumber, doze, snooze, be asleep. [Etym: see/clear/vision + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
lixando - asleep, sleeping, slumbering. [Etym: see/clear/vision + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
lixansyu - fall asleep, go to sleep, drop off, doze off, drowse off. [index]
lixodo - awake, up, conscious. [Etym: see/clear/vision + binary non-relational state] [index]
lixosyu - wake (up), awake(n). [index]
lobindi - union, labor union, trade union. [Etym: work/labor + business/academic group] Bume jutada lobindi binsendi mave bume binfayda binhi binjadi gemu ma = The labor union didn't like the contract because it didn't pay enough money. [index]
loda - work (on), labor (at/on). [Etym: "lo" is the 'activity' classifier] Teda xevendi nifovendi xeho tada xehi loda fohi topyo bitodi = The boss told his subordinates that he wanted them to work in the auditorium. [index]
lojodi - task, job, chore, mission, assignment. [Etym: work/labor + complete performance] Meki guka femi nilojodi po tateda mi femi gukavi lohi = Did you do the tasks that I asked you to do? [index]
lokandi - truck, lorry, large motor vehicle used for carrying goods. [Etym: work/labor + vehicle] Nuyebume topyovudoy nikonzwedi gipe lokandi makay mi = Please don't put those desks in the truck without me. [index]
lokonda - think about, give thought to, ponder, contemplate, consider, reflect on/about, cogitate. [Etym: work/labor + other mental state] [index]
lovenda - work for, have a job or employment with, be an employee of. [Etym: work/labor + social/political/business relation] Note that we can also use the AP/F-s form lovenka if we need a stronger agentive sense; i.e., the subject keeps himself employed. [index]
lovendi - employee, hireling, jobholder, worker, laborer. [Etym: work/labor + social/political/business relation] See also bulovendo. [index]
lozwedi - table, bench, stand. [Etym: work/labor + furniture] [index]
lumay - later (in the indicated time period). Lumay never appears alone. It must always be followed by a time-measure previous-word modifier and will represent a time after the current time but within the indicated time period. See also jomay. [index]
lumi - we/us. This is the exclusive first person pronoun and refers to the speaker and others not present, but excludes any listeners. [index]
lumu - five. Bugyafayda mi jadi make Najoncedi maswa binzidi lumu ma = I bought the book from John for five dollars. [index]
luncodi - booze, liquor, alcohol. [Etym: drink/booze + processed food substance] [index]
lungyadi - pub, bar, tavern, saloon, speakeasy, a place of business that primarily sells alcoholic beverages by the drink. [Etym: drink/booze + place of business] [index]
lunxando - drunk, intoxicated, inebriated. [Etym: drink/booze + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
lunxodo - sober, not intoxicated or inebriated. [Etym: drink/booze + binary non-relational state] [index]
lupaw - here or over there. Note that lupaw explicitly excludes the location of the listener. [index]
lupoy - our. This is the exclusive first person genitive adjective and refers to the speaker and others not present, but excludes any listeners. [index]
ma - a/an, some, any. This is the indefinite article and is fully described in the reference manual. Teda koncindi ma nitakoncedi ma fomoyda konjidi xedo cajindi ma = A teacher told some students that the old library was near a waterfall. [index]
madi - something, someone, anything, anyone. Use the generic form numadi to represent the English word "things/stuff": [index]
madiki - what (interrogative noun). [index]
Madya! - Say there!, Hey!, Ahoy!, attempt to get someone's attention. Madya is a stand-alone sentence and takes no arguments. [index]
makay - without. This is the anti-comitative (i.e. non-subject) case tag. Nuyebume topyovudoy nikonzwedi gipe lokandi makay mi = Please don't put those desks in the truck without me. [index]
make - to, from. This is the recipient/donor exchange case tag, and its translation depends on whether the agent-patient is giving or getting the focus. See also maswa. Gyafayda mi jadi make Najoncedi maswa binzidi lumu ma = I sold the book to John for five dollars. Bugyafayda mi jadi make Najoncedi maswa binzidi lumu ma = I bought the book from John for five dollars. [index]
maki - which, what. [index]
masay - self, oneself. [index]
masaydo - own, pertaining to oneself. [index]
mase - for [beneficiary case tag]. This is the secondary patient case tag. See also mavyude. [index]
masi - with [comitative], along with. This is the comitative (i.e. cosubject) case tag. [index]
masisoy - along. See masi. [index]
maswa - for, in exchange for. Use "maswa" to represent English "for" with exchange verbs. Fayda zemi nitawtebyadi cinzando maswa femudi cinfido ma = We exchanged the broken radios for two in working order. Teda kancindi mi pu cinfivyu kanhi kandi poy maswa binzidi jobumu ma = The mechanic told me that he'll fix my car for forty dollars. See also make. [index]
maswi - measure, gauge, quantify, valuate, assess, assay. [index]
mavaw - each other, one another. [index]
mave - because (of). This is the secondary agent case tag. [index]
maveki - why [interrogative], for what reason. Canzanvyu femi candi maveki pye canfivyuvi licandi = Why did you open the door and close the window? [index]
mavo - by [passive]. This is the passive voice case tag. Moyvuvo nifocedi jindi mavo jincedi ma = The children were moved away from the fire by a fire fighter. [index]
mavoy - of. This is the anti-passive voice case tag. Since English doesn't have an anti-passive, an oblique argument has to be converted to a core argument unless the English equivalent is inherently anti-passive (eg. 'listen to', 'shout at'). [index]
mavyude - for, to, towards. Use mavyude instead of mase when the secondary patient is definitely affected by the event. [index]
mawsoyde - still, yet. [index]
may - now, at this time. [index]
may-ziday - today, on this day. [Etym: present/now + day] Pi faytada nijincedi tawxeda cadi topyodu calaydi may-ziday = The fire fighters are grateful that the water in the canal was high today. Note that may-ziday can be either past, present, or future, and thus is too vague to affect the default tense of the verb. [index]
me - probability modal disjunct. This is the probability modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
meda - accept as possible, admit the possibility of, give credit/credence to. [index]
meki - interrogative probability modal disjunct. This is the interrogative probability modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. meki converts a declarative sentence into an interrogative one: If meki introduces an embedded clause, it is equivalent to English "if": However, do not confuse this usage with conditional "if" (see jopye). See also me. [index]
meso. - Maybe, Perhaps, That's possible. meso is a complete sentence and takes no arguments. It is used to indicate that something just said is possibly true. [index]
mesodo - possible, conceivable, imaginable, thinkable. [index]
mi - I/me. This is the first person pronoun and always refers to the speaker. Pi tada mi povu femi mi jadi fepe = I want you to give me that book. [index]
mo - can, may, have the option to, be permitted/allowed to, obligation modal disjunct. This is the obligation modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
moda - optional, discretionary, elective, neither required nor forbidden. Note that moda is a verb, not an adjective! See also mokweda. [index]
moki - interrogative obligation modal disjunct. See mo. [index]
mokweda - optional, discretional/discretionary, elective. Note that mokweda is a verb, not an adjective! See also moda. [index]
mosodi - option. [index]
mosodo - optional. [index]
mova - allow, let, permit, make optional. [index]
moy - away from, not at. Jintada jikindi poy mi mave moyda mi jidi = My mother was angry at me because I was away from the house. Moyvuvo nifocedi jindi mavo jincedi ma = The children were moved away from the fire by a fire fighter. [index]
moyka - stay away from, remain away from, avoid, keep oneself away from. Pu cinfivyu mi licandi cinzando topyodu jintodi bupye tada mi moyka nifocedi mi = I'll fix the broken window in the kitchen but I'll want the children to stay away from me. [index]
moykasoy - stay away, keep oneself away. [index]
moyku - leave, depart, go from, head out from, take one's leave from, cause oneself to become away from. [index]
moysu - get away from, become not at. [index]
moysude - from, away from. [index]
moysuvoyde - away, elsewhere, someplace else, somewhere else, at an unspecified place. See also moyvoy. [index]
moyva - keep away from/out of, cause to remain away from. [index]
moyvasi - keep away (from oneself), cause patient to stay away from oneself. [index]
moyvoy - elsewhere, someplace else, somewhere else, away from an unspecified place. See also moysuvoyde. [index]
moyvu - remove from, move away from, cause to be away from. [index]
moyvusi - send away, move away, get rid of, dismiss, dispatch, expel, cause patient to become away from oneself. [index]
moyvya - keep away/out, hold off or at bay, cause to remain away. [index]
moyvyu - remove, move away, cause to be away. [index]
mu - any, some, an unspecified quantity or amount. Keep in mind that mu is a specific numeric. Thus, if it modifies a mass noun, the noun will be converted to a count noun: [index]
muki - how many/much, what quantity of. Pi jiloda jijudi muki pyo jidi fepoy = How many cats live at your house? Binfayda femi mudiki maswa nijadi fepe = How much did you pay for those books? [index]
mukoy - sometimes, at times, ever (in questions). [index]
musadi - amount, quantity, how many/much. [index]
mwaki - how (much), to what degree or extent. See also tupye. [index]
mwasadaw - how much, degree of/that, extent, amount, measure. [index]
mwasade - to the degree/extent of/that. [index]
Nafranxindi - France. [index]
Nafrifedi - Africa. [index]
Najoncedi - John. [index]
namwa - proper expression start. Namwa is used along with the complete parenthetical expression stop jomwa to delimit an expression which is a proper name. If more than one expression occurs in sequence, then the conjunction fepye should appear between expressions. [index]
Nanilacudi - Nile [the river]. [index]
Naryacedi - Mary. [index]
Nasendi - the name of the interlingua. [index]
nebilimedi - confidence, certainty, certitude. [index]
nebimedi - faith, conviction. [index]
nebimesodi - truth, veracity, truthfulness. [index]
nebitonmesodi - inevitability, unavoidability. [index]
nebupyedi - contrast, opposition. [index]
nebyedi - color, hue. [index]
necitudi - similarity, likeness. [index]
nefomedi - skepticism, doubt. [index]
negukadi - ability, capability, competence. [index]
negukado - able, capable, competent, fit, having the ability to do something. [index]
negukasodo - doable, practical. [index]
nejutadi - enjoyment, pleasure, delight, relish. [index]
nejutasodo - pleasing, delightful, enjoyable, likable. [index]
nekondi - knowledge. [index]
nemesodi - possibility, likelihood, probability, potential. [index]
netudi - relationship, involvement, association. [index]
netusoydi - condition, state. [index]
nexebyomodi - requirement, necessity, need. [index]
nimay - nowadays, currently. [index]
nimu - multiple, plural, various. [index]
numadi - things (in general), stuff. See madi. [index]
Nunafranxindo - French [attributive]. [index]
pa - past-perfective disjunct. Use the past-perfect disjunct "pa" to override the default when it is not past-perfect. This will typically occur when a conjunction links two clauses with different tenses: Pi lida mi nifocedi bupye bume pa telida mi fohi = I see the children but I didn't hear them. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
pada - precede, happen before, occur before, be before. [index]
pade - before, by the time (of), prior to. [index]
pankindi - ancestor. [Etym: ancestor + kin] [index]
panmu - previous, last, previous member of a sequence. [index]
pasoyde - earlier, previously. [index]
pasoydi - predecessor, precursor, forerunner, vanguard, prelude. [index]
pasoydo - earlier, previous, preceding, prior. [index]
paw - here, at this location. [index]
pawkya - stay (here), tarry. [index]
pawkyu - come (here), cause oneself to become here. [index]
pay - past-plus-present-aspectless disjunct. This is the past-plus-present-aspectless disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
payda - go on until, take place until, occur until, happen until, last until. [index]
payde - until, till, to, up to (the time of), by, not later than. [index]
pe - this [demonstrative]. Binfoda xema xejadi pe = This antique was very inexpensive. [index]
pi - present-imperfective disjunct. This is the present-imperfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
pisyado - ongoing, underway, in progress, currently happening. [index]
po - of (genitive), that (relative conjunction), which, who. See the reference manual sections 5.1.1 THE GENITIVE and Chapter 18.0 RELATIVE CLAUSES AND RESUMPTIVE PRONOUNS for in-depth discussions of the uses of "po". Pi posa mi nijadi po koncindi = I have the teacher's books. Jutada mi nitawkandi po tawcedi jutindo jomu bape = I liked the airplanes of those four friendly pilots. [TBD for relative clauses] [index]
poka - keep, retain. [index]
poku - obtain, accept, get, take. [index]
ponzidi - pound [weight measure]. [Etym: mnemonic "pon" for "pound" + measurement] [index]
posa - have, possess. [index]
posadu - with, of, having. box of toys, book with the torn pages [index]
posu - get, receive, come into/by. [index]
povu - give, bequeath. [index]
poy - my. This is the first person genitive adjective and always refers to the speaker. Pi tada Najoncedi bugyafayvi kandi poy = John wants to buy my car. [index]
pu - future-perfective disjunct. This is the future-perfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
puda - postdate, occur or happen after. [index]
pude - after, since, subsequent to, once. [index]
punkindi - descendent. [Etym: descendent + kin] [index]
punmu - next, next member of a sequence. [index]
pusoyde - afterwards, after that, since then, later, next. [index]
pusoydo - subsequent, following, next, succeeding, future, happening in the future relative to an event known from context. [index]
pye - and. Pyoka femi gyadi maveki pye gyatevi gyacindi jinbyadi cinzando xedo bape = Why did you stay at the store and haggle with the merchant about that old broken stove? [index]
pyeda - supplement, be a supplement to, be in addition to. [index]
pyeday - more, again, in addition. [index]
pyede - in addition (to). [index]
pyedi - supplement, addition, something more. [index]
pyedo - additional, another, more, in addition (to), other, some more. [index]
pyekoy - also, too, as well. [index]
Pyesoyda - Furthermore, ..., Moreover, ..., Additionally, ..., In addition (to that), ..., Plus, ..., Besides, .... [index]
pyo - at, in, near, with [locative]. [index]
pyoka - stay at/in, attend, keep oneself at/in/etc. Pyoka femi gyadi maveki pye gyatevi gyacindi jinbyadi cinzando xedo bape = Why did you stay at the store and haggle with the merchant about that old broken stove? [index]
pyokasoy - stay put, remain/stay in place, abide, keep oneself at/in/etc a location. [index]
pyoku - arrive at/in, reach, cause oneself to become at/in/etc. [index]
pyokukwedi - destination, goal, arrival location. [index]
pyokwedi - location, position. See also cefedi. [index]
pyosu - get to, become located at. [index]
pyosude - to, into, on the way to. Kanloda nikoncindi pyosude konjidi = The teachers went to the library. Pyosude should be translated as English 'on the way to' if the verb is not a verb of motion: Konloda koncindi pyosude konjidi = The teacher taught on the way to the library. However, since pyosude literally means 'becoming at', it does not capture the full meaning of the English expression. To do so when translating from English to Nasendi, you should ideally use jaypide plus an embedded verb of motion: Konloda koncindi jaypide kanlovi pyosude konjidi = The teacher taught while going to the library. [index]
pyosuvoyde - somewhere, someplace, to some unspecified place. See also pyovoy. [index]
pyova - keep at/in. [index]
pyovoy - somewhere, someplace, at/in some unspecified place. See also pyosuvoyde. [index]
pyovu - move to, put at/in/etc, place at/in/etc, cause to become at/in/etc. [index]
pyovusaw - put together, bring together, round up, gather, assemble, muster, put in the same location. [index]
pyovya - keep (in place), constrain, restrict the movement of, limit the movement of. [index]
pyovyu - move, place, position, deposit. [index]
pyu - from now on, present+future-perfective disjunct. This is the present+future-perfective disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
pyude - since, effective (as of), starting. [index]
pyusoyde - since then, from then on, from that moment on. See pyude. [index]
sencindi - linguist, specialist in the study of language. [Etym: language + business/academic group member] [index]
sendi - language, tongue, lingua. [Etym: "sen" is the 'protocol' classifier.] [index]
senjodi - account, report, rendition, depiction, chronicle. [Etym: language/comprehension + complete performance] [index]
senzindi - linguistics, the study of language. [Etym: language + business/academic profession] [index]
tada - want, desire. [Etym: "ta" is the 'emotional/desiderative mental state' classifier] [index]
tagukindi - stepson. [Etym: spouse's son + kin] [index]
tajakindi - in-law. [Etym: spouse's parent + kin] [index]
tajikindi - mother-in-law. [Etym: spouse's mother + kin] [index]
takindi - spouse, mate. [Etym: spouse + kin] [index]
takoncedi - student. [Etym: want + knowledge + person] Teda koncindi nitakoncedi fomoyda konjidi xedo cajindi ma = The teacher told the students that the old library was near a waterfall. [index]
takonloda - study, mental activity by which one attempts to learn something. [Etym: want + knowledge + activity] [index]
tamu - sequential, ranked, graded, in a row, in (a) sequence. [index]
tateda - ask for/that, request, order [eg. at a restaurant]. [Etym: want + speech act] Use "tateda" to ask for something or to ask that something be done. Use TBD to ask for information. [index]
tawbindi - airline (company), air service. [Etym: blue/sky/high + business/academic group] [index]
tawbyedo - blue [the color]. [Etym: blue/sky/high + color] [index]
tawcandi - ceiling. [Etym: blue/sky/high + separator] Pi cinzuda tawcandi tawxedo topyodu laygyadi = The high ceiling in the train station is weak. [index]
tawcedi - pilot, airman, aviator, flier. [Etym: blue/sky/high + person] [index]
tawfedi - sky. [Etym: blue/sky/high + other non-water natural location] [index]
tawfodo - low, at a relatively small altitude. [Etym: blue/sky/high + antonym scalar non-relational state] [index]
tawguda - lift, pick up. [Etym: blue/sky/high + action] [index]
tawgyadi - airport, airfield, airdrome. [Etym: blue/sky/high + place of business] [index]
tawjidi - skyscraper, a very tall building. [Etym: blue/sky/high + building] [index]
tawkandi - airplane, plane, aircraft. [Etym: blue/sky/high + vehicle] [index]
tawloda - fly, keep oneself airborne. [Etym: blue/sky/high + activity] [index]
tawmoy - under, below, beneath, underneath. [index]
tawpyo - above, over. [index]
tawtebyadi - radio (receiver), wireless. [Etym: blue/sky/high + speech + device] Fayda zemi nitawtebyadi cinzando maswa femudi cinfido ma = We exchanged the broken radios for two in working order. [index]
tawtodi - attic, garret, loft. [Etym: blue/sky/high + room] [index]
tawxedo - high, elevated, lofty, at a relatively great altitude. [Etym: blue/sky/high + scalar non-relational state] Pi cinzuda tawcandi tawxedo topyodu laygyadi = The high ceiling in the train station is weak. Pi faytada nijincedi tawxeda cadi topyodu calaydi may-ziday = The fire fighters are grateful that the water in the canal was high today. See also bixedo. [index]
tawxubyedo - magenta. [Etym: blue/sky/high + red + color] [index]
tazada - purpose, objective, goal, aim, point, intent, have as a purpose/goal, be intended to/for. [Etym: want/desire + binary relational state] Keep in mind that tazada is a verb, not a noun. Use tazasodi or tazakwedaw for the noun. The word tazadi is just the generic term for something that has a purpose, and so is probably not very useful. [index]
tazade - to, in order to/that, so that, for (the sake/purpose of). [Etym: see tazada] [index]
tazaka - intend to/on/that, plan to/on, figure to/on, aim to, mean to. [index]
tebendi - vocal cords, voice box, larynx. [Etym: speech + organ] [index]
tebyadi - telephone, phone. [Etym: speech + device] [index]
teda - tell, notify, say to, declare, convey to, state to, communicate to, inform, give notice to. [Etym: "te" is the 'speech act' classifier] Teda koncindi nitakoncedi fomoyda konjidi xedo cajindi ma = The teacher told the students that the old library was near a waterfall. [index]
tefawdi - forum, a public meeting place for discussions. [Etym: speech + other artificial location] [index]
tegodi - megaphone, speaking horn or trumpet. [Etym: speech + tool/instrument] [index]
tejadi - dictionary, wordbook, lexicon. [Etym: word + book] [index]
tejodi - speech, talk, oration, address. [Etym: speech + complete performance] [index]
tekya - speak, use speech. Use the focused form teka for speaking a language: For "speak to", use tevyu. [index]
telida - hear, perceive with the ears. [Etym: sound + physical relationship] [index]
teloda - speak (publicly), give or deliver a speech or talk. [Etym: speech + activity] [index]
temwa - quote starter. Temwa is used along with the complete parenthetical expression stop jomwa. If more than one item is quoted in sequence, then the conjunction fepye should appear between items. [index]
tepundi - bullhorn, an electric megaphone. [Etym: speech + electrical component] [index]
tesosoydi - statement, utterance, remark, comment, spoken words, what someone said. [index]
tesoy - say, utter, speak. Use tesoy when the patient is known from context. Otherwise, use tevoy. [index]
tetawdi - parrot. [Etym: speech + other bird] Tetawdi includes all members of family Psittacidae, including parakeets, lorikeets, cockatoos, and macaws. Fida tetawdi byefido ma limoydu gyazwedi pyo lungyadi = There was a colorful parrot behind the counter at the pub. [index]
tetindo - quiet, taciturn, reticent, reserved, indisposed to talk much. [Etym: speech + scalar non-relational state] [index]
tetodi - auditorium, hall, typically a large room used for public indoor events. [Etym: speech + room] [index]
tetoydo - talkative, garrulous, loquacious, verbose. [Etym: speech + antonym scalar non-relational state] [index]
tetuda - sound like, having a sound like or similar to. [Etym: sound + other scalar relational state] [index]
tetwedi - laryngitis, inflammation of the larynx. [Etym: speech + illness] [index]
tevaw - discuss, talk about, confer about. [index]
tevawkwa - discussion, conversation, dialogue, talk, chatting. [index]
tevyu - speak to, talk to. [index]
texidi - word, lexeme, minimal free speech form. [Etym: speech + performance component] [index]
tezwedi - lectern, a stand for holding written materials used by a public speaker. [Etym: speech + furniture] [index]
timu - eight. Pi layxesa gyazwedi topyodu lungyadi layzidi timu ma = The counter in the pub is eight meters long. [index]
tocandi - wall. [Etym: room + separator] Pi venpyoda tocandi byedo layxedo lafedi = The long colored wall crosses the island. [index]
todi - room, functional, enclosed, section of a building. [Etym: "to" is the 'room' classifier] Fida zwedi camu toma ma topyo todi = There was only one chair in the room. [index]
tofedi - cave/cavern, grotto. [Etym: inside/room + other non-water natural location] Pi jiloda bijudi bido femu ma topyo tofedi fomoydu cajindi = Two big bears live in the cave near the waterfall. [index]
togyadi - hotel, inn, hospice, roadhouse. [Etym: room + place of business] Pi pyoka mi togyadi pe mave pi binfoda tohi = I'm staying at this hotel because it's inexpensive. [index]
tokonda - remember, recall, have in one's memory. [Etym: inside + non-emotional mental state] [index]
tokonvu - remind, cause to remember/recall. [index]
toma - only, just, merely, simply, solely, exclusively, purely, nothing but. Pi tada toma mi livi jijudi femu = I only want to see the two cats. Pi tada mi livi jijudi femu toma = I want to see the only two cats. [index]
tomoy - outside (of), out (of), not inside. [index]
tonme - inevitability modal disjunct. This is the inevitability modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
tonmeki - interrogative inevitability modal disjunct. See tonme. [index]
topyo - in, inside (of), within, within the boundaries of. Pi buda fekandi fepe bupye fida ladi femu ma topyo kanjidi = That bicycle is bad but there are two good ones in the garage. Lida mi topyovu gyacindi binjadi binbyadi = I saw the merchant put the money in the cash register. [index]
tucindi - nurse, one who cares for sick or injured people. [Etym: help + doctor] [index]
tuda - have something to do with, have an unspecified association or relationship with. [Etym: see tudu] [index]
tudo - associated, corresponding, related, involved. [Etym: see tudu] [index]
tudu - about, for, involved with, having to do with. [Etym: "tu" is the 'other scalar relational state' classifier] TBD: article about the election, recipe for cake, people involved with drugs [index]
tufayda - share, use or benefit from something with others. [Etym: involvement/together/help + exchange/swap/transfer] [index]
tugilayzidi - kilometer [unit of measurement]. [Etym: positive exponent + three + meter] [index]
tuguda - help (with), aid, assist, succor, abet, support, give or lend a hand. [Etym: involvement/together/help + action] Since tuguda is A/P-d, its object is the entity (typically living) who received the help. In general, the patient should NOT be the event, unless the speaker wants to emphasize that the event itself was somehow aided. In general, if the event is specified, it should be the focus: [index]
tuka - stick with, keep oneself associated/involved with. [index]
tukindi - husband, male spouse. [Etym: male spouse + kin] [index]
tuku - take (on), get oneself involved with, adopt [in a general, not legal, sense], cause oneself to become associated/involved (with). [index]
tukya - persevere, remain steadfast. [index]
tupye - than, as, compared with, comparative conjunction. [Etym: relationship/association + conjunction] See also bimwa, xemwa, lamwa, fomwa, zumwa, and mwaki. Refer to the reference manual for a thorough discussion of comparative constructions. [index]
tupyo - among(st), in the midst of, amid, in the thick of, with, together with. [index]
tusu - come into/by, come to have something to do with, become associated/involved (with). [index]
tuteda - advise, recommend, counsel, suggest. [Etym: involvement/together/help + speech act] [index]
tuvaw - mutual, reciprocal, correlative. [index]
tuvendi - assistant, aid/aide, attendant, right-hand man, auxiliary, helper. [Etym: involvement/together/help + social/political/business relation] [index]
vendi - associate, colleague, confederate. [Etym: "ven" is the 'social/economic/political/etc relationship' classifier] See also lavendi. [index]
venlaydi - bridge, viaduct, span. [Etym: relationship/linkage + infrastructure] [index]
venpyo - across, crossing, extending from one side to the other. Do not confuse this sense of 'across' with the sense 'on the opposite side of'. See TBD for this sense. [index]
venpyoda - cross, traverse, pass over or across, extend across. Pi venpyoda tocandi byedo layxedo lafedi = The long colored wall crosses the island. [index]
ventada - sympathize with, empathize with, relate to emotionally. [Etym: relationship/linkage + emotion/desire mental state] [index]
xando - dead, lifeless, no longer alive. [Etym: "xan" is the 'opposite living entity attribute' classifier] [index]
xanfedi - waste(land), barrens, land where little or nothing lives or grows. [Etym: dead + other non-water natural location] [index]
xanguda - murder, commit homicide. [Etym: dead + action] [index]
xanjodi - funeral, burial. [Etym: dead + complete performance] [index]
xankandi - hearse, funeral car/coach. [Etym: dead + vehicle] [index]
xanlaydi - cemetery, graveyard, burial ground/place. [Etym: dead + infrastructure] [index]
xantado - sorrowful, mournful, sorrow-stricken, aggrieved, grief-stricken. [Etym: dead + vehicle] [index]
xanvyu - kill, put to death, slay, take the life of, do away with, fell, strike dead. [index]
xaxedo - tall, high. [Etym: tall/vertical/standing + scalar non-relational state] Xaxedo implies both height and vertical length. Thus it can be used for buildings but not for clouds. For the latter sense, use tawxedo. [index]
xebatondi - snowstorm. [Etym: high polarity + snowfall] [index]
xebenxodo - smart, bright, sharp, very intelligent. [Etym: high polarity + intelligent] [index]
xebinjadi - banknote, bill, note, unit of paper money. [Etym: high polarity + money] [index]
xebunda - sum [arithmetic], plus. [Etym: more/add + arithmetic function] Note that xebunda is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
xebyomo - high necessity modal disjunct. See byomo. [index]
xebyomoda - need, require, have a need for. [index]
xebyomodo - needy, in need (of). [index]
xebyomosodi - requirement, need, that which is needed. [index]
xebyomosodo - necessary, requisite, needed, required. [index]
xecedi - adult, grownup, a mature person. [Etym: high polarity + person] [index]
xecingyadi - hospital. [Etym: high polarity + healthy/strong/functional/ready + place of business] Lafayda mi binzidi jobumu ma make xecingyadi ma masedu nucedi bintoydo = I donated forty dollars to a hospital for poor people. [index]
xecudi - great lake, a very large lake. [Etym: high polarity + lake] [index]
xedo - old [in age], aged, antiquated. [Etym: "xe" is the 'measurable scalar non-relational physical state' classifier] Teda koncindi nitakoncedi fomoyda konjidi xedo cajindi ma = The teacher told the students that the old library was near a waterfall. [index]
xefawme - high significance modal disjunct. See fawme. [index]
xefedi - mainland. [Etym: high polarity + other non-water natural location] [index]
xegeme - high acceptability modal disjunct. See geme. [index]
xegomu - most, a large fraction of. [index]
xegyajidi - shopping mall, mall, shopping center, large building or enclosure containing many individual retail businesses. [Etym: many + place of business + building] [index]
xejadi - antique, something made a long time ago but still having social value. [Etym: old + social item] Binfoda xema nixejadi pe = These antiques were very inexpensive. [index]
xejomo - high consequentiality modal disjunct. See jomo. [index]
xejomoda - be urgent. See xejomosodo. [index]
xejomosodo - urgent, exigent, important, compelling, pressing, highly consequential. Note that we can also use the P/F-s form with two arguments: [index]
xekonmendi - college, a small university. [Etym: high polarity + school] See bikonmendi. [index]
xelime - high evidentiality modal disjunct. See lime. [index]
xelimeda - suppose, gather, surmise, guess, figure, reckon, take as likely due to evidence/reason. [index]
xelimesodo - apparent, seeming, ostensible. [index]
xema - very (much), highly, extremely, a lot, much. For scalar states, xe- can be applied directly to the scalar root: [index]
xemado - high in degree or magnitude, great, intense, high, strong, keen, acute, superior, considerable, substantial. [index]
xeme - high probability modal disjunct. See me. [index]
xemeda - think, feel, reckon, be of the opinion, take as likely or probable. [index]
xemeku - conjecture, speculate, surmise, take as likely. English "surmise", "conjecture", and "speculate" often imply that a conclusion is reached with little evidence. Xemeku does not have this implication. [index]
xemesa - suppose, presume, gather, daresay, accept as likely. [index]
Xemeso. - Probably, That's probably correct. Xemeso is a complete sentence and takes no arguments. In reply to a statement, it indicates that the statement is probably true. In reply to a question, it indicates that xeme should have appeared in place of the question disjunct (typically meki). [index]
xemesodo - likely, probable, almost certain. [index]
xemo - high obligation modal disjunct. See mo. [index]
xemoda - advisable, desirable, be a good idea for P to F. Note that xemoda is a verb, not an adjective! [index]
xemosodo - advisable, desirable, called for. See also xemoda. [index]
xemoy - far (away) from, distant from. [index]
xemu - many, much, numerous, lots of, a lot of, plenty of. [index]
xemukoy - often(times), frequently, a lot, again and again, commonly, many times. [index]
xemwa - more, comparative modifier. See also tupye. [index]
xesendi - tradition, custom. [Etym: old + protocol] Pi zizada kanjodi pyosudu cajindi xesendi xedo ma = The trip to the waterfall is an old tradition. [index]
xetamu - near-to-last, later, latter, almost last, near the end, high in a sequence. [index]
xetexidi - sentence [grammar]. [Etym: high polarity + word] [index]
xetonme - high inevitability modal disjunct. See tonme. [index]
xetonmeda - expect, anticipate, feel that focus is almost inevitable. [index]
xevendi - boss, chief, head, manager, supervisor, superior, foreman, overseer. [Etym: high polarity + social/political/business relation] Teda xevendi nifovendi xeho tada xehi loda fohi topyo bitodi = The boss told his subordinates that he wanted them to work in the auditorium. [index]
xexando - immature, non-adult, undeveloped. [Etym: old + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
xexodo - full-grown, mature, grown(-up), ripe, developed. [Etym: old + binary non-relational state] [index]
xexwame - high hedge modal disjunct. See xwame. [index]
xezidi - month, unit of measure equal to one-twelfth of a year. [Etym: high polarity + measure] [index]
xocindi - biologist. [Etym: alive/energetic + business/academic group member] [index]
xodo - alive, living. [Etym: "xo" is the 'living entity attribute' classifier] [index]
xofedi - forest, wood(s)/woodland. [Etym: alive/energetic + other non-water natural location] [index]
xomu - nine. [index]
xotado - eager (to/for), keen (about), enthusiastic, avid. [Etym: alive/energetic + emotion/desire mental state] [index]
xubabyedo - pink, reddish white. [Etym: red + white + color] [index]
xubyedo - red. [Etym: red + color] [index]
xwame - hedge modal disjunct. This is the hedge modal disjunct. See the chapter on Modality in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
xwameki - interrogative hedge modal disjunct. See xwame. [index]
xwamwa - referent-switching particle. [index]
xwemaw - tenseless-iterative disjunct. This is the tenseless-iterative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
xwemawsyade - repeatedly, iteratively, over and over, time after time. [index]
xwemawvya - repeat, iterate, do over and over, do or perform repeatedly. [index]
xwepa - past-iterative disjunct. This is the past-iterative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
xwepi - present-iterative disjunct. This is the present-iterative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
xwepu - future-iterative disjunct. This is the future-iterative disjunct. See the chapter on Tense & Aspect in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
zagukindi - nephew, sibling's son. [Etym: sibling's son + kin] [index]
zakindi - sibling, brother or sister. [Etym: sibling + kin] [index]
zando - imaginary, nonexistent, fictitious, not real or actual. [Etym: "zan" is the 'opposite other binary non-relational state' classifier] [index]
zanjodi - novel, book-length fictional story. [Etym: counterfactual/hypothetical + complete performance] [index]
zanme - counterfactuality modal disjunct. This is the counterfactuality modal disjunct. See the chapter on Conditional Clauses in the language reference manual for more information. [index]
zanmeki - interrogative counterfactuality modal disjunct. See zanme. [index]
zanmesodo - hypothetical, speculative, conjectural, conditional. [index]
zanvya - prevent, bar, keep from, avert, stave off, preclude. [index]
zatukindi - brother-in-law, sibling's male spouse. [Etym: sibling's husband + kin] [index]
zavye - add (F to P), increase (P by F), extend, augment, supplement. [index]
zavyo - remove (F from P), extract, excise, eliminate, delete, expurgate, subtract, withdraw, deduct, reduce (P by F), decrease, take (F out of P). [index]
zemi - we/us. This personal pronoun refers to the speaker and other people, whether they are present or not. [index]
zemu - seven. [index]
zepaw - somewhere, here, there, or yonder. [index]
zepoy - our. This genitive adjective refers to the speaker and other people, whether they are present or not. Cinzanvyu nifocedi bimudi topyo todi zepoy = The children broke everything in our room. [index]
zezidi - week, unit of measure equal to seven days. [Etym: seven + day] [index]
zidi - day, unit of measure equal to 24 hours. [Etym: "zi" is the 'measure' classifier] [index]
zikindi - sister, female sibling. [Etym: sister + kin] [index]
zizada - be, be equal to, be the same as. [Etym: equal + binary relational state] Pi zizada kanjodi pyosudu cajindi xesendi xedo ma = The trip to the waterfall is an old tradition. [index]
zizado - same, equal. [Etym: equal + binary relational state] [index]
zoloda - swim. [Etym: fish + activity] [index]
zoytada - enjoy oneself, have fun, have a good time. [Etym: fun/game + emotion/desire mental state] [index]
zubatondi - flurries, snow flurries, light snowfall. [Etym: minimal polarity + snowfall] [index]
zubekindi - family, household, immediate family. [Etym: minimal polarity + kinfolk] See also bekindi and kindi. [index]
zubenxodi - idiot, simpleton, dullard, dimwit, nitwit, moron, imbecile, half-wit. [Etym: minimal polarity + intelligent] [index]
zubenxodo - feebleminded, simpleminded, dim-witted, moronic, retarded, idiotic. [Etym: minimal polarity + intelligent] [index]
zubyomo - minimum necessity modal disjunct. See byomo. [index]
zucudi - puddle, small pool of liquid, typically temporary. [Etym: minimal polarity + lake] [index]
zudo - small, little, having minimal size. [Etym: "zu" is the 'opposite vague physical state' classifier] [index]
zufawme - minimum significance modal disjunct. See fawme. [index]
zufedi - shoal, sandbank/sandbar, shallow. [Etym: minimal polarity + other non-water natural location] [index]
zufudi - cookie, biscuit. [Etym: small + food item] [index]
zugeme - minimum acceptability modal disjunct. See geme. [index]
zugomu - almost none of, a tiny fraction of. [index]
zujidi - shed, shack, small utility or storage building. [Etym: small + building] Pi topyoda nifekandi zujidi limoydu jidi = The bicycles are in the shed behind the house. [index]
zujinxedo - lukewarm, tepid, barely hot. [Etym: minimal polarity + hot] [index]
zujomo - minimum consequentiality modal disjunct. See jomo. [index]
zukindi - brother, male sibling. [Etym: brother + kin] [index]
zukonmendi - kindergarten, preschool, nursery school. [Etym: minimal polarity + school] [index]
zulime - minimum evidentiality modal disjunct. See lime. [index]
zumado - minimum, minimal, negligible, inconsiderable, inconsequential, trifling, lowest, weakest, minimal in degree or magnitude. [index]
zume - minimum probability modal disjunct. See me. [index]
zumo - minimum obligation modal disjunct. See mo. [index]
zumoy - next to, adjacent to, right at. See also fomoy. [index]
zumu - hardly any, very few, very little, almost no, a tiny or minimal amount or quantity. [index]
zumukoy - rarely, seldom, hardly ever, almost never, infrequently. [index]
zumwa - least, comparative modifier. See also tupye. [index]
zupa - just (a moment ago), just (before) now, very recently. Keep in mind that zupa is a disjunct, not an adverb! See also pa. [index]
zusendi - pidgin, trade language. [Etym: minimal polarity + language] A pidgin is a simple language used between people who do not have a common language. If a pidgin starts being used by younger people it eventually develops into a creole. See also fosendi. [index]
zutamu - initial, leading, first, lowest in a sequence, at the very beginning of a sequence. [index]
zutexidi - phoneme, smallest unit of recognizable speech. [Etym: minimal polarity + word] [index]
zutonme - minimum inevitability modal disjunct. See tonme. [index]
zuxwame - minimum hedge modal disjunct. See xwame. [index]
zuzidi - second, unit of measure equal to one-sixtieth of a minute. [Etym: minimal polarity + measure] [index]
zwedi - chair. [Etym: "zwe" is the 'furniture' classifier] Fida zwedi camu toma ma topyo todi = There was only one chair in the room. [index]
zwetodi - living room, parlor, sitting room, drawing room. [Etym: chair/sit + room] Pi tada mi topyovuvi bizwedi pe zwetodi = I want to put this sofa in the living room. [index]
zwexando - kneeling (down), on one's knees. [Etym: chair/sit/folded + opposite binary non-relational state] [index]
zwexodo - sitting (down),
seated. [Etym: chair/sit/folded + binary non-relational state]
[index]
Total number of entries: 1041.
This page was last updated Tuesday, June 24, 2003.