Dr. Roger Hastings, PhD. Principal Physicist, Unisys Corporation Former Associate Professor of Physics North Dakota State University >PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ONE NEWMAN MOTOR > >This document compiles and analyzes the results of several experiments >performed on the Newman Motor. The results of the experimental work show >that this motor operates with energy output far in excess of energy input. >This work is intended to characterize the motor, and to organize the >experimental results. It is hoped that the document will serve as a guide >in the development of the mathematical theory which explains the Newman >Motor. > >I. Mechanical Energy Output > >A. Test against a d.c. Permanent Magnet Motor/Rated 80% Efficient. > >In this experiment, eight fresh 1.5 Volt alkaline batteries were connected >to an 80% rated efficient d.c. motor. The motor turned an oil pump at >about 1 Hz. The motor ran for 6 minutes, and the final battery voltage was >about 60% of the starting voltage. > >Alkaline batteries were used because battery performance curves were >available from the manufacturer. One such chart is plotted in Fig. 1. The >performance of the d.c. motor is verified by the chart, which predicts that >the batteries, when initially drained at 2 amps, will last 6 min. The >measured motor drain under load was near 2 amps. > > 2.0!* <------ Operating Point of d.c. motor > ! > ! > 1.8! > ! > ! > 1.6! > ! > ! * > 1.4! > ! > ! > 1.2! > ! > ! > 1.0! > ! > ! > 0.8! > ! > ! * > 0.6! > ! > ! > 0.4! * > ! ___ Operating >pt./Newman Motor > ! / > 0.2! X > ! * > ! > 0!_______________________________________________________________________ > 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 > >Vertical axis ---- Starting Drain (Amps) >Horizontal axis ---- Time to Reach 60% of Fresh Battery Voltage (hours) > >FIGURE 1: Eveready Alkaline Battery Performance Curve >Starting Current Drain VS Time to Reach 60% of Fresh Battery Voltage > >[Any typographical errors in this document are a result of the typist >preparing this in ASCII format; any positional and/or notational >irregularities in the graphs/formulae depicted in this document may be due >to transmission between platforms. Wherever possible, words are used >instead of mathematical symbols to reduce the incidence of such notational >irregularities.] > > >The above results allow us to estimate the power consumed by the oil pump. >We find: > > initial pump output power >___________________________ equals 0.8 >initial battery input power > >pump output equals 0.8 times 2 amps times 12 volts equals 19 Watts > > >The same pump was connected to the Newman Motor (with a 90# permanent >magnet rotor) so that the pump again ran at near 1 Hz. Therefore, the pump >was consuming the same power in this experiment. Eight fresh batteries >were connected to the Newman Motor. The batteries were drained to about >60% of their starting voltage after seven (7) hours! Although the input >current to the Newman Motor follows a complicated waveform, we may estimate >the initial average input current from the performance curve (fig. 1). >Using 0.2 amps at 12 volts we find: > >Initial Newman Motor Input equals 2.4 Watts. > >Since the output is consuming 19 Watts, we have: > >Newman Motor Efficiency equals 19 divided by 2.4 times 100 percent equals >800 percent. > >At this point we note that the intrinsic efficiency of the Newman Motor >could be greatly increased. As designed now, the motor has a tremendous >leakage flux, and extreme mechanical losses. An efficiently designed >Newman Motor would certainly have three times the efficiency quoted above, >and perhaps ten times (8,000 percent). > > >B. Static Torque Test > >The output shafts of the d.c. motor and Newman Motor were connected in turn >to a scale via a pulley and belt. The d.c. motor pulled a maximum of 1.5 >lbs., while the Newman motor pulled 13 lbs. At maximum load the d.c. motor >consumed about 24 Watts while the Newman Motor consumed only 2.4 Watts. > > > Newman Motor 13 > Static Torque Ratio: ------------ equals --- equals 8.7 > d.c. motor 1.5 > > > Newman Power > @ Input Energy Ratio: ---------------- equals 0.1 > d.c. motor power > > >If we define a motor performance parameter under static loads by the ratio >of maximum torque output to the input energy drain, we find that this >number is 87 times larger for the Newman Motor than for the d.c. permanent >magnet motor. > > >C. Battery Lifetime Tests > >It has become apparent that the batteries powering the Newman motor outlive >the expectations of the manufacturer. In this test, 124 old alkaline >batteries were used to power the (90 lb. rotor) motor. The batteries read >2/3 of their fresh voltage value at the outset of the experiment. It was >found that the 90 lb cylindrical rotor is spun up to 6 Hz. in 21 sec. when >the batteries are connected to the motor. The voltage drops from 125 V. to >70 V. when the batteries are connected, and remains at 70 V. when the rotor >runs at speed. The minimum power supplied by the batteries is therefore >equal to the power required to spin up the rotor. > > This is: > > P equals one-half I W(squared) /t > > where > > t equals time to spin up rotor equals 21 sec. > > W equals angular speed equals 2 X ½ X 6 Hz. > > R[squared] L[squared] > I equals M ( ------- plus ------- ) > 4 12 > > M equals rotor mass equals 41 kg. > > R equals rotor radius (apr.) equals .08m. > > L equals rotor length (apr.) equals .31m. > > >This yields a minimum energy required to keep the rotor spinning at 6 Hz. >of 13 Watts. Therefore the batteries must be supplying at least 13/70 >equals 190 m amps. As a separate estimate it was found that a constant >drain of 300 m amps. through a resistor drops the battery voltage from 125 >V to 70 V. Consulting the battery charts we find that a fresh battery with >a starting drain of 150 m amps. (100 m amps. when V equals 2/3 starting >voltage) will drop from 2/3 to 1/2 of its starting voltage in a few hours. >If the batteries began at 2/3 of their fresh voltage under a drain of 250 m >amps. they would be very dead in two hours. > >The Newman Motor has been run for between one and four hours per day for a >total of ten hours. The batteries began at 2/3 of their fresh voltage, and >after the ten hours the voltage had not dropped perceptibly. Joseph Newman >intends to continue running the motor a few hours per day to test the >limits of his motor. Here again, the mechanical energy consumed by the >spinning rotor is far in excess of the maximum possible electrical energy >which could be supplied by the batteries (according to the charts). An >efficiency near 1000 percent is indicated by the experiment to date. > >THREE WEEKS LATER: > >On this date the old batteries have worn down to a point at which they will >not even run a one and one-half V. small toy motor. Yet when they are >connected to the Newman motor, the 90 lb. rotor is spun up to 4.5 Hz in >about 20 seconds! > > >II. Electrical Energy Output > >The Newman Motor generates electrical energy by induction. The relevant >experiments have been documented and indicate an efficiency of about 400 >percent in the generation of electrical power. Experiments have since been >run in which mechanical energy was measured via measurement of the >frequency at which the motor runs while delivering a measured torque. >Electrical energy was simultaneously generated, and the sum of electrical >and mechanical energy was roughly twice the energy obtained when only >electrical energy was generated. In this experiment an accurate measure of >the input power was not made. Instead, batteries were used and the time >required to drain the batteries to a given voltage was measured. It was >hoped that the battery charts could be used to estimate the input power. >The result was too close to 100% efficiency to rely upon the accuracy of >the charts. It should be noted that the measured output energy did not >include losses in the belt used to transmit torque. In addition, the whole >measurement apparatus was set into motion by the magnetic force during >rotation. > > >III. Static Measurements > >Joseph Newman has made measurements of the static torque generated by his >600 pound magnet at various voltages. These results agree with theoretical >predictions based upon measurements of the magnetic moment of the magnet. >The predicted torque is: > > __` __` __` > ¬/´ equals M times H , > >and the maximum torque is MH. The static field generated by the coil is: > > > N I > H equals --- > L > > > N equals no. turns > > > L equals coil height > > > I equals coil current > > >The magnetic field of the 600 lb. magnet was measured at various distances >from the magnet using a Hall effect transducer (factory calibrated). These >results were compared with the expression for the dipole field to yield a >magnetic moment of: > > 7 \ / 3 3 > M equals 10 0- ft or 100 gauss ft. Therefore, the maximum torque >is predicted to be: > > -3 NI > ¬/´ equals MH equals 2.6 times 10 (----) ft. lbs., > L > >I in amps, > >L in meters. > > >The length of the motor coil is .69 m. and the number of turns is 2,630. >Therefore, > > ¬/´ equals 9.9 I ft. lbs. (I in amps). > > >Joseph Newman's measurements of torque and current are listed below: > > >Voltage I ¬/´ ¬/´ / I > 6 .6 17.3/4 7.21 > 12 .98 33/4 8.42 > 18 .75 29.3/4 9.77 > 24 1.3 38/4 7.31 > 30 1.4 47/4 8.39 > ----- > average 8.2 > > >The value 8.2 for ¬/´ / I compares well with the predicted value of 9.9 >considering inaccuracies in measuring devices. > >It has often been noted by Joseph Newman that for a fixed power input to a >coil, the torque increases with the moment of the magnet. If the magnet is >made infinitely magnetic, the torque becomes infinite, even if the power to >the coil is very small. > > >IV. Dynamic Properties > >A.) Inductance > >To begin with, the inductance of the 600 lb. magnet motor coil may be >predicted and taken from measurement. The predicted value is: > > 2 A > L equals M N --- , > o L > > A equals coil area > > L equals coil length > > N equals 2630 > > >With a coil radius of 2.5 feet and 2.25 feet length, we predict L equals 23 >henries. > > >In operation, the motor inputs a square wave voltage for a fraction of the >roughly 0.5 Hz. cycle. Since the coil resistance is 13r, L/R should be >much larger than one period, and we predict a current rise of: > > > -------------- > ! > ! > V ! > ------------ > > > / > / > I / > / > -------------------------- > > > V -t/L/R V > I equals --- (l-e ) approximately equal to --- t > R L > > > >From an oscillograph photo with no load on the system, the coil current >rises 0.5 amps in 0.1 sec. when 200 volts are switched across the coil. >Thus: > > > 200 (0.1) > L equals ------------- equals 40 Henries > 0.5 > > >The magnet is turning during this measurement so the approximate agreement >between theory and measurement is reasonable. > > >B.) Motor Frequency > >Under no lead and assuming zero friction, the maximum theoretically >possible frequency of the motor is determined by the condition that the >induced voltage is equal to (-) the input voltage. The induced voltage is: > > 2 > Vind approximately equal to -w Bmagnet ¼ Ro N , > > Bmag equals magnetic induction of rotating magnet > > Ro equals coil radius > > w equals 2¼ X frequency > > With Vind equals - V we find: > > V 1 > f equals --- --------------- > 2 > 2¼ ¼ Ro N Bmag > > > Now Bmag equals 2¼ M , > --- > r > > > M equals magnetic moment , r equals magnet volume > > > W 3 > With m equals .01 --- (ft) , Ro equals .76 m , N equals 2630 > 2 > m > > > 2 3 > /`´/ equals ¼ (1') X 4' equals 12.56 (ft) we find: > > > V ‡ > f equals --- ------------------ equals .0067 V (Hz) > 3 2 > 4¼ M N R0 > > > > f equals .402 V (rpm) > > >At 200 Volts we find the maximum frequency, if the motor had a 100% >intrinsic efficiency (no losses) , is: > > f equals 80.4 rpm , about double the 600 lb observed motor >frequency under no load. > > >C.) Energy Input (Theoretical Estimate) > > > Assuming that: > > o > 1.) The voltage input and induced emf are 180 out of phase. > > 2.) The voltage input varies sinusoidally. > > >We have: > > > iwt dI > (V - Vind) e equals L --- plus IR > dt > > > > V - Vind > I equals ------------- cos (wt - Q) > -------------- > ) 2 > R ) 1 plus (wL) > ---- > R > > > where t an (Q) equals wL/R > > > The average power consumed by the coil is then: > > > 1 V (V - Vind) > P equals --- ----------------------- cos (Q) > 2 -------------- > / 2 > R `/ 1 plus (wL) > ---- > R > > > > > 1 V (V - Vind) V R >(V - Vind) > P equals --- ----------------------- apr. equals ---- ---- > 2 -------------- 2wL wL > / 2 > R `/ 1 plus (wL) > ---- > R > > > 40 > With w equals 2¼ ---- apr. equals 4 , L equals 50 , wL equals 200 , > 60 > > > wL 1 > ---- equals 20 , V equals 200 Vind apr. equals --- V >equals 100 , > R 2 > > 100 > P equals ----- equals 2.5 Watts > 40 > > >This number agrees approximately with Joseph Newman's measurements of input >power, in an experiment in which output was measured at about 5 Watts. The >numbers used in the above calculation are approximate so the result >represents an estimate. The expression for the input power along with the >expression for Vind allow a prediction of how input power varies with motor >frequency and voltage. The plot is shown in Figure 2, and the prediction >is given below: > > > (1) (2) (3) >10.0! * * * > ! * * * > ! * * * > 9.0! * * * > ! * * * > ! * * * > 8.0! * * * > ! * * * > ! * * * > 7.0! * * * > ! * * * > ! * * * > 6.0! * * * > ! * * * > ! * * * > 5.0! * * * > ! * * * > ! * * * > 4.0! * * * > ! * * * > ! * * * > 3.0! * * * > ! * * * > ! * * * > 2.0! * * * > ! * * * > ! * * * > 1.0! * * * > ! * * * > ! * * * > >0!______________________*_______________________*__________________________* >________ > 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 > >Vertical axis ---- Predicted Input Power (Watts) >Horizontal axis ---- Motor Frequency (rpm) > >FIGURE 2: Predicted Input Power VS Motor Frequency (600 lb unit) > > 1) ---- V equals 100 Volts > > 2) ---- V equals 200 Volts > > 3) ---- V equals 300 Volts > > >[Note: due to the limitations of the ASCII medium, the above ***** lines >appear jagged; >also, the graphical representation is qualitative and approximately >quantitative due the nature of the ******** lines.] > > > 2 >Predicted Power Input equals 450 ( V ) (1 - 200 f ) > --- --- --- > 200 V 80 > -------------------------------- Watts > 2 > (1 plus [ f ] ) > ----- > 3.1 > > V equals input voltage (volts) > > f equals motor frequency (rpm) > > >This result was obtained by requiring the derived formula to match the >experimental result that input power at 200 volts and 35.7 rpm. is 1.8 >Watts. > > >V. Predicted Output Power > >The output power is found by averaging the product of torque on the magnet >and frequency over one cycle. The torque is given by: > > ----` ----` ----` > ¬/´ equals M times H , > > MNI > and ¬/´ equals MH cos (wt) equals ---- cos (wt) , > L > >Where the fact that maximum torque occurs in phase with maximum input >voltage has been used. The output power is therefore: > > > MN (V. - Vind) W > P (t) equals ---- ------------- ------------------- cos >(wt) cos (wt-Q) , > L R --------------- > / 2 > `/ 1 plus ( wL ) > ( ---- ) > ( R ) >and the average power is: > > 1 MN (V - Vind) w > Pout equals --- ---- ----------------------- > 2 L R ( 2 ) > ( ( wL ) ) > (1 plus ( ---- ) ) > ( ( R ) ) > > >The output power goes to zero at the maximum frequency (V equals Vind) , >and also at zero frequency. > > >VI. Predicted Efficiency > >Dividing the expressions for output and input power yields: > > MN W >Predicted efficiency equals ---- --- times 100 percent , > L V > > >Where W cannot exceed its maximum value. Using MN/L equals 9.9 ft. lbs. >1 amp equals 13 j./amp yields the following expression for the predicted >efficiency of the 600 pound Newman motor: > > > f >Predicted efficiency equals 1.4 ---- times 100 percent , f in r.p.m. > V V in volts > >Operating under no load, the above formula predicts a Newman Motor >efficiency of 24% (35 rpm at 200 volts). The theoretical maximum motor >efficiency is obtained by using the maximum frequency of 80 rpm at 200 V., >yielding a 56% upper limit in the case that the motor has zero frictional >losses. Working back through the equations it can be seen that the maximum >predicted efficiency is given purely in terms of geometrical factors (ratio >of magnet volume to coil volume), and cannot exceed 100%. > >It is clear that the measured efficiencies for the Newman Motor are far in >excess of predicted efficiencies. The predicted input power is in >agreement with measured input. > >The measured output power exceeds the predicted output. For example, at >1.8 Watts input and 24% efficiency, we expect 0.4 Watts output from the >Newman Motor. In one experiment the motor generated 5 Watts of output >power with 1.8 Watts input drain. The discrepancies are far too large to >be explained by experimental errors. > > >VII. Unusual (Non Conventional) Behavior > >As seen above, a number of properties of the Newman Motor follow >conventional theory. In specific, the input power is as expected. The >output power (in excess of input) is the non-conventional result. In my >mind, the most interesting motor measurement is the oscillograph photos >taken around the coil showing very high voltages. This photo also shows >the (to me amazing) fact that the coil current is over three times the >current at the battery when the voltage is applied. > > >My opinion is that an excess charge is left in the coil when the input >voltage is cut off. At this point, a spark appears and a huge induced >e.m.f. is created in the coil. This e.m.f. SHOULD disappear quickly >(showing up as a spike). However, the high voltage remains, having the >period of the moving magnet. This indicates that the magnet is "pushing" >an excess charge around in the coil, and this appears as excess current >when contact is re-established with the battery. > >There is also the issue of the "anomalous" current which appears during the >spark. It is unclear from the photos whether this current appears in the >coil, but it has the proper sign and magnitude to drive the magnet. > > >VIII. Future Theoretical Research > >The upcoming challenge for this writer is to explain the Newman Motor >output mathematically. The purpose of the above documentation, for me, is >to isolate the origin of the excess energy. At that point it is likely >that application of a unified theory of charge, matter, and energy, e.g., >Joseph Newman's Theory, will be required to mathematically describe the >results. This mathematical exlanation will also have to explain other >various embodiments of the Newman Invention, which will obviously result >from the Newman Disclosures. > > >Dr. Roger Hastings, PhD. >Principal Physicist, Unisys Corporation >Former Associate Professor of Physics >North Dakota State University > >------------------------------------------------------ >[Note: Since the testing performed on the 600 lb Newman Motor as described >above, numerous improvements/innovations have been made to subsequent >Newman Motor designs.] > > >Evan Soule >Director of Information >Newman Energy Systems > >telephone numbers: >(601) 947-7147 or >(504) 524-3063 > >addresses: >Route 1, Box 52, Lucedale, MS 39452 USA or >P.O. Box 57684, New Orleans, Louisiana 70157-7684 > >email: >josephnewman@earthlink.net or >johntesla@aol.com. >